Smith & Ragan Model Presenter: Sensen Li

Definition of Instructional Design The systematic and reflective process of translating principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials, activities, information resources, and evaluation. Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.

Organizational Strategy Decisions about Sequence Content Activities and presentation Delivery Strategy Decisions about Media Grouping Management Strategy Decisions about Scheduling Resource allocation Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.

Analysis: What are the goals of the instruction? (Where are we going?) Instructional strategy: What is the instructional strategy and the instructional medium? (How will we get there?) Evaluation: How will we evaluate and revise the instructional materials for future improvement? (How will we know when we have arrived?) Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.

A More Realistic Representation of ID Practice Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.

Key Components of S & R Model  Moves away from the behavior focus and advises information processing analysis rather than just task analysis.  Iterative process that requires constant revision  Assessments are written during analysis phase

Strengths of the Model  Sequentiality Linear sequence  Simplify  Easily applied  System Oriented  Encourage advocacy of learners  Support effective, efficient, and appealing instruction  Support coordination among designers, developers, and those who will implement the instruction  Formative Evaluation Important when:  The designer is a novice  The content area is new to designers  Audience is new to designers  Technology is new to the designers  Slim opportunities for later revision

Limitations of the Model  Not the solution to all the ills and problems of education and training.  Have limited applicability to educational experiences in which:  Learning goals cannot be identified in advance  No particular goals are even identified (i.e. non- instructional education)

Comparison with Dick and Carey Model Link to the Smith & Ragan Model

Comparison with Gagne Nine Events of Instruction from Gagne Introduction  Gain attention  Inform learner of objective Body  Stimulate recall of prior knowledge  Present the stimulus material  Provide learning guidance  Elicit performance  Provide feedback Conclusion  Enhance retention & transfer Assessment  Conduct Assessment Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.

Expanded Events from Smith & Ragan Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.

Application  Settings  Industry  K-12 education  Higher Education Settings  People who use the S & R Model  Training Designers  Teachers as designers  Other designers  Example: Art Smart ProjectArt Smart Project

Book Review  Notable for its theory-based treatment of the instructional design process, including unusual depth in the design of instructional strategies.  Its scope applies to both K-12 and corporate settings, and it is particularly rich with examples and practice.  A helpful Learning Resources Web site accompanies the book providing feedback for chapter exercises, job aids, presentations, and other helpful materials. Web site  Won the "Best Book" award from AECT's Division of Instructional Development in 2000.

References  Smith, P.L. and T.J. Ragan. Instructional Design. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company,  /ISDmodels.pdf /ISDmodels.pdf   m m  m m  site/shared/docs/Skills_Chapter08.pdf site/shared/docs/Skills_Chapter08.pdf