Chapter 2 Opener How do we classify organisms?

Figure 2.1 Tracing the path of evolution to Homo sapiens from the universal ancestor of all life

Figure 2.2 The tree of life

Figure 2.3 Darwin’s representation of hypothetical phylogenetic relationships

Figure 2.4 A phylogenetic tree of human, chimpanzee, and bonobo taxa, illustrating major phylogenetic terms

Figure 2.5 Different representations of phylogenies

Figure 2.6 Phylogenetic analyses often use unrooted trees, which are converted to rooted trees

Figure 2.7 Phylogenetic analysis has revealed the relationships of some formerly puzzling organisms

Figure 2.8 Phylogenetically informative and uninformative similarities among species

Figure 2.9 Monophyletic groups whose members share derived character states that evolved only once

Figure 2.10 Two possible hypotheses for the phylogenetic relationships of humans

Figure 2.11 Steps in a phylogenetic analysis using the maximum parsimony method

Figure 2.12 Members of the primate superfamily Hominoidea

Figure 2.13 Evidence for phylogenetic relationships among primates

Table 2.1

Figure 2.14 How long branches can lead a parsimony analysis astray

Figure 2.14 How long branches can lead a parsimony analysis astray (Part 1)

Figure 2.14 How long branches can lead a parsimony analysis astray (Part 2)

Figure 2.15 A two-parameter model in which the rate of transition differs from the rate of transversion

Figure 2.16 Relationships among hominoid primates, based on a maximum likelihood analysis of sequences of two genes

Figure 2.17 The true phylogeny of the experimental populations of T7 bacteriophage studied by Hillis et al.

Figure 2.18 Relationships among vertebrates, as estimated from morphological characters and DNA sequences

Figure 2.19 Base pair differences  time since divergence suggests a fairly constant rate of sequence evolution

Figure 2.20 The relative rate test for constancy of the rate of molecular divergence

Figure 2.21 Proportions of base pairs at different codon positions in the DNA sequences of COI that differ between vertebrate species pairs, against time since their most recent common ancestor

Figure 2.22 Results of a study of divergence times for some lineages of primates

Figure 2.23 Relationships among haplotypes of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in MacGillivray’s warbler

Figure 2.24 Phylogenies of some Old World monkeys and cats

Figure 2.25 A gene tree may or may not reflect the true phylogeny of the species from which the genes are sampled

Figure 2.25 A gene tree may or may not reflect the true phylogeny of the species from which the genes are sampled (Part 1)

Figure 2.25 A gene tree may or may not reflect the true phylogeny of the species from which the genes are sampled (Part 2)

Figure 2.25 A gene tree may or may not reflect the true phylogeny of the species from which the genes are sampled (Part 3)

Figure 2.26 Four species of grasshoppers inferred from multiple samples of each of six genes in each species

Figure 2.27 Relationships among 11 species of placental mammals, which represent four major clades

Figure 2.28 Rapid evolutionary radiation

Figure 2.29 Hybridization and reticulate evolution

Figure 2.30 Chimpanzees and gorillas carry several clades of the parasite Plasmodium, from which human P. falciparum is derived