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A.P. Psychology Modules 20-22

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Learning

Learning is… An enduring change in behavior and knowledge due to experience. Organisms learn by forming associations between cause and effect (or two events). In other words, they are exhibiting associative learning. People associate the sight of lightning with thunder so next time they see lightning they anticipate thunder.

Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning – developed by Ivan Pavlov, the type of learning in which stimuli is associated with an Involuntary Response. Pavlov was famous for his dog salvation experiment in which he accustomed dogs to salivate at the tone of a ringing bell. This kind of association is possible because Pavlov presented a ringing tone every time before food is given to the dog. Eventually, the dog learned to anticipate food at the sound of the bell so they would salivate.

Classical Conditioning Respondent Behavior – an automatic response to a certain stimuli (responding behaviors) Unconditioned Response (UCR) – the normal response that is generated (unlearned). Ex. In Pavlov’s experiment, the normal response a dog has when presented with food is salivation. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – the stimulus that triggers a normal response (UCR). Ex. The food is the UCS in Pavlov’s experiment. Conditioned Response (CR) – the response that is learned (conditioned). EX. Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate upon the presence of a ringing bell. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – a neutral stimulus that triggers a learned response. Ex. The bell is a CS because the dogs learned to salivate at the presence of a ringing tone as opposed to food.

There are 5 major processes with Classical Conditioning: 1. Acquisition – the initial formation of the associate between CS and CR. This works well when the CS is presented half a second before the UCS is presented.

There are 5 major processes with Classical Conditioning: 2. Extinction – if the UCS is not presented after the CS for a couple of times, the organism will lose receptivity to the CS. Ex. If after the ringing tone no food arrives, the dog stops to salivate at the presence of just a tone.

There are 5 major processes with Classical Conditioning: 3. Spontaneous Recovery – however, if the UCS is again presented after the CS, extinction ceases and the organism again begins to respond to the CS. Ex. The food is again present after ringing – dog salivates.

There are 5 major processes with Classical Conditioning: 4. Generalization –the tendency for organisms to respond similarly to similar (generalization) stimuli as the CS. Ex. Pavlov’s dog salivating to the sound of beeping that is similar to ringing. This is good because if you teach children to watch out for cars, they will also watch out for similar objects like trucks and vans.

There are 5 major processes with Classical Conditioning: 5. Discrimination – the ability to distinguish (discriminate) between different stimuli, so you don’t react the same way to everything.

Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning developed by B.F. Skinner, is a type of learning where organisms learn to voluntarily respond a certain way depending on the consequences (like a reward or punishment) Law of Effect – behaviour that is rewarded is more likely to occur again.

Operant Conditioning Operant Behaviour – the learned behaviour that acts upon the situation and this behaviour produces consequences. Ex. If you learned that eating on the bed makes your parents mad at you, your earing behaviour would change depending on what kind of responses you want to the situation (parents yelling or not) to have.

Skinner Box Skinner Box – the box Skinner used to research on animal behaviour. The box has a bar/button that the animal can push to obtain rewards (food). The rate of pushing is recorded. Shaping – gradually rewarding the organism as it approaches the desired behaviour. Ex. If you want a bird to peck on a bar, you would feed it every time it got closer and closer to the bar but ignoring every other behaviour it does. Thus, you are shaping the behaviour with successive approximations. Reinforces – anything that increases the chances of the behaviour happening again.

Reinforces Positive Reinforcement – rewards, like appraisal, money, food. Negative Reinforcement – removing of aversive events. Ex. Freeing from jail, stopping someone crying, eating medicine that gets rid of a cold, and drinking water to cool you down. Primary Reinforces – things that satisfies inborn biological needs. Ex. Food, water, warmth. Secondary Reinforcers – learned things that are strengthened by primary reinforcers. Ex. Money, which can buy food – primary reinforce; praises, high grades, smiles, which are all associated with basic needs of happiness. Continuous Reinforcement – reinforcing the behaviour every time is occurs. This method of learning is quick. But when reinforcement stops, extinction can happen very quickly. Partial Reinforcement – reinforcing the behaviour parts of the time. Acquisition/learning is slow but more resistant to extinction.