Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 1 DAYLIGHTING CONCEPTS Mt. Angel Library by Alvar Aalto; featuring a major daylight “fixture”

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 2 Daylighting Daylighting has always been of major importance, but somehow during the 1960s, we forgot everything we knew about the art and science of daylighting. Cheap energy and air conditioning did us in. William Caudill in the Foreword to Daylight in Architecture an example of the allure and power of active systems

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 3 ^^ Kimbell Art Museum, Ft. Worth, TX Mt. Angel Library, Mt. Angel, OR >> daylighting offers great opportunities for creative design

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 4 Daylight Components The daylight reaching a given point within a building generally consists of a mix of the following components (which show up as elements in some design analysis methods): -- a sky component (SC) -- an externally reflected component (ERC) -- an internally reflected component (IRC) these “internal” components are related to—but not the same as—the direct, diffuse, and reflected resource components that comprise light falling on an aperture

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 5 Daylight Components DF = SC + ERC + IRC the “sky” component is not the same as a “direct solar” component

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 6 A Daylighting Design Process Establish lighting system design intent and criteria Daylighting may be a reasonable method to achieve intent If so, select a likely daylighting implementation method (an approach or approaches) Validate that the approach actually works (that the result meets intent and criteria) using appropriate design tools Refine the initial design solution as required using appropriate analysis tools; validate the final design solution Develop construction drawings and specifications Commissioning the daylighting system design (critical) Construct Commissioning the daylighting system (especially controls) Occupy building; validate system in place and in use; learn and communicate the lessons learned

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 7 Daylighting Design Issues The source of light is variable –addressed through the design process –addressed via coordination with electric lighting –addressed in usage by space occupants The source of light is outside the building –light must be brought into a building –light must be skillfully distributed from an aperture located at the periphery of a space These are primarily architectural design issues –architects must take the lead –daylighting potential is established with the first design moves (plan, orientation, and massing)

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 8 General Daylighting Approaches Sidelighting –Unilateral or bilateral –Windows –Clerestories (if low) Toplighting –Skylights –Clerestories (if high) Hybrids and combinations windows.lbl.gov/ what about “bottomlighting”?

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 9 Sidelighting (if unilateral) illuminance drops off fairly quickly as distance from aperture increases illuminance (lux, FC or DF) on horizontal task plane

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 10 Sidelighting (if bilateral) illuminance drops off fairly quickly as distance from aperture increases; but two opposing apertures help to balance light distribution across space

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 11 Toplighting (if single aperture) illuminance drops off fairly quickly as distance from aperture increases

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 12 Hybrid Approaches illuminance from skylight fills in “gap” caused by sidelight distribution pattern

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 13 Daylighting System Components Light source  the sky  not direct sun Apertures (openings—such as windows or skylights) Aperture modifications (lightshelves, shading devices, glazings, jambs, …) Space geometry (length, width, height of room) Surface reflectances (of ceiling, walls, …) The illuminated thing (task, surface, …)

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 14 Daylighting System Components Source (the sky  not direct solar) –On a macro scale this resource is a function of geographic locale and site conditions Apertures (openings) –Are a function of design decisions (placement in building, size, number, orientation) Aperture modifications (lightshelves, shading devices, glazings, …) –Are a function of design decisions the site presents an opportunity that the designer can run with

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 15 Daylighting System Components Space geometry –Is a function of design decisions  optimize space layout and use the space itself to help distribute light Reflectances –Are function of design decisions  use reflective surface finishes to spread light Illuminated thing (task, surface, …) –A function of space type and usage … good daylighting design is good architectural design

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 16 More on Daylighting Glazing Glazing location (orientation, tilt, surroundings) is important Glazing area and DF are related in a generally linear manner Usually, daylighting glazing should have a high VT (visible transmittance) and a low SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient)—characteristics that will be incompatible in many products Generally daylighting should involve no direct solar radiation (provide shading devices to ensure this without blocking diffuse daylight)

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 17 More on Lightshelves These elements are used with daylighting windows to more evenly distribute daylight in a space; they do not substantially increase the amount of daylight that is captured –They can be external, internal, or both –When used, they split a window area into “view” and “non-view” components –They can assist with shading against direct solar radiation (thus reducing heat gain and glare) –Performance is not well documented—lightshelf design is more an art than a science

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 18 Lightshelves Inland Revenue (UK), image from LBL exterior lightshelves, Milwaukee, winter

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 19 Philips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH; Library, Louis Kahn (1967) campus context building context Daylighting Example

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 20 building massing façade texture and layers Philips Exeter Academy

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 21 reading carrels and lounge area Philips Exeter Academy

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 22 grand entry staircase and structure Philips Exeter Academy note difference in “warmth” of light

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 23 various views of structure (contrast of wood and concrete) Philips Exeter Academy

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 24 views up into central volume, showing minimal toplighting and smoke vents Philips Exeter Academy

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 25 bookshelf engages structure user of stair engages structure Philips Exeter Academy

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 26 exterior courtyard (note vegetative shading) meeting room Kimbell Art Museum, Dallas, TX; Louis Kahn (1972) Daylighting Example

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 27 images from: exterior view gallery interior Kimbell Art Museum

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 28 images from: gallery interior daylighting fixture Kimbell Art Museum

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 29 images from: gallery open to courtyard exterior view Kimbell Art Museum

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 30 Emerald People’s Utility District Offices, Eugene, OR; Equinox Design south façade with fixed and vegetative shading Daylighting Example

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 31 lightshelf north façade, note glazing, no shading Emerald People’s Utility District Offices

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 32 south façade, note fabric shading devices Emerald People’s Utility District Offices break room, note direct solar infusion

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 33 it takes more than an aperture to make a daylighting system skylight, unnamed architecture building (think about maintenance)

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 34 Phoenix Convention Center some serious external shadingshading, more and less, from glass

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 35 Why Carbon Dioxide Matters

Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 | Grondzik 36 Why Reducing Carbon Emissions Matters Fall 1979 Fall 2005