History of Computing and Technology To understand a science it is necessary to know its history Comte 1798-1857 Introduction to Nursing Informatics 2013 - 4th Edition Chapter 4 History of Informatics

Core Concepts Included in this Presentation Include Historical Milestones in Technology Historical Milestones in Computing Nursing Pioneers and Computer Use Introduction to Nursing Informatics 2013 - 4th Edition Chapter 4

Historical Milestones in Technology These online resources summarise generations one to three of the computing paradigm. Whilst computers and technology are linked it is useful to view them in this chapter separately by year. This can be done by viewing the technology time line in the computer history museum and by searching under key categories relating to the technology. For example one can search under categories such as components, networks , computer software and languages. image Presented by the Computer History Museum Follow this link to view

Historical Milestones in Computing These online resources summarise generation one to three of the computing paradigm. A Brief History of the Computer Presented by TIME Photographs This resource developed by the Computer History Museum depicts the development of computers from 1939- 1988 Follow this link to view Follow this link to view

Emergence of Technology in Healthcare Evolution of technology supporting health care and professional nursing practice Pre 1950 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2000+ BCS Information Pioneers Marion Ball Podcast History of Computing & Technology Click images to open hyperlinks Introduction to Nursing Informatics 2013 - 4th Edition Chapter 4

Nursing Pioneers & Computer Use In many instances the early pioneer nurses in informatics were poorly paid and had inadequate study leave and in many cases left the profession to pursue careers as systems analysts. However, some of the pioneers remained and we acknowledge some of them within the following sections – nursing education, nursing administration, nursing care and nursing research . Introduction to Nursing Informatics 2013 - 4th Edition Chapter 4

Nursing Education Mariann Drost Bitzer (1963) First simulation in nursing obstetrics Judith Ronald, University of New York (1970’s) CAI in Nurse Education in the 1970’s Diane Skiba, Boston College Co-ordinating Nursing Informatics Courses Virginia Saba, Georgetown University Christine Henney, University of Dundee Journal of Nursing Administration featured a monthly article on computer applications in nursing from 1970 Introduction to Nursing Informatics 2013 - 4th Edition Chapter 4

Nursing Administration Marilyn Plomann, Chicago (1970’s & 1980’s) Developed nursing administration initiatives Catherine Cunningham (1970’s & 1980’s) Nurse Manpower Planning Projects Elly Pluytr-Wenting, Leiden, Holland (1976-1983) Nursing Manpower Planning Phyllis Giovanetti (1978) Nurse Scheduling Systems Elizabeth Butler (1973-1983) Nurse Scheduling and Staffing Systems Virginia Saba (1970’s & 1980’s) Public Health Service Dept. – Promoting Public Health Nursing Services Introduction to Nursing Informatics 2013 - 4th Edition Chapter 4

Nursing Care 1992 Norma Lang & June Clark – if we cannot name it (nursing) we cannot control it, finance it, research it or put it into public policy.. (In relation to nursing language). Christine Henney, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee Involved in the design and implementation of a real time nursing system Kathryn Hannah first nurse elected to COACH (Canadian Organisation for the Advancement of Computers in Health) . Maureen Scholes – The London Hospital Real-Time Computer Project – resulted in The introduction of a hospital communication system that provided patient administration services, laboratory services and radiography services using 105 visual display units in all hospital wards and departments. Joy Brown and Marjorie Wright, York Hospital Ontario Both worked as systems co-ordinators and were actively involved in designing, coding and implementing the computerised patient care system at their hospital. They were also responsible for training on the system. Elizabeth Butler – Kings Hospital, London Engaged in developing and implementing the computerised nursing care plan system for the Professional Medical Unit and for the nursing care plan system for all wards and specialties in the 500 bedded hospital. Introduction to Nursing Informatics 2013 - 4th Edition Chapter 4

Nursing Research 1960 working with ANA (American Nurses Association) Harriet Werley identified research on communication and decision making in nursing (1960’s) Kathryn Hannah with David Shires in 1980 at Medinfo in Tokyo set up a separate nursing informatics section within IMIA Maureen Scholes in 1982 facilitated an open forum on the impact of computers in nursing (London) 1981 Virginia Saba established a nursing presence at the symposium on computer applications in medical care (USA) 1982 Carol Ostrowski created a nursing profession specialty group - AAMSI (American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics) 1983 Marion Ball identified nursing informatics as specialty 1988 Harriet Werley and Norma Lang identify the American nursing minimum data set Introduction to Nursing Informatics 2013 - 4th Edition Chapter 4

Scholes Analysis of Papers 1960-1997 Scholes et al in 2000 completed an analysis of early scientific papers in nursing research, relating specifically to informatics and computers from 1960-1997 and the following key themes emanated from the work. Education Training Research Statistics Models Language Classification and Retrieval Information Systems Data Base Data Protection Ethics Law Laboratory , Imaging Monitoring / Therapy Prevention Decision Support, Artificial Intelligence Patient (Nursing) Record Introduction to Nursing Informatics 2013 - 4th Edition Chapter 4

Chapter Summary The development of technology and its contribution to the history of computing is explored in this presentation. Evolving since the 1950’s the computer has replaced traditional methods of processing information. Nursing informatics pioneers can be identified over the past 50 years as contributing to this evolution. Introduction to Nursing Informatics 2013 - 4th Edition Chapter 4

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