ALEXANDER CRUMPTON FUQUA CELLS, MICROBIOLOGY& NUTRITION

BIOSPHERE BIOME ECOSYSTEM COMMUNITY POPULATIONS ORGANISMS ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANS TISSUES CELLS ORGANELLES MOLECULES ATOMS

CELL THEORY Cell theory states: Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things All things are made of cells All cells come from other cells

CELLS The basic unit of structure and function in all organisms Prokaryotic: cells that do not have a true nucleus Genetic material is mixed in the cytoplasm Smaller than eukaryotic Bacteria are prokaryotes Eukaryotic: cells that have a true nucleus Contain organelles A structure which carries out specific functions for the cell Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists are eukaryotes.

PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC

ORGANELLES Nucleus Chromosomes (DNA & RNA) Control Center of the cell Cell membrane Thin layer that holds the cells together Controls what enter and leaves the cell Ribosomes Protein factory Attached to rough ER and throughout the cytoplasm Mitochondria Powerhouse of the Cell Change glucose into ATP Cytoplasm Jelly like substance which surrounds and protects organelles in the cell.

ORGANELLES CONTINUED… Vacuole Storage center of the cell Larger in plant cells Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth or rough) The passage ways through the cell Golgi body (apparatus) Packages and transports materials through the cell Cell wall (plants only) Protective layer that surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells Chloroplasts (plant only) An organelle that makes food for the cell Contain chlorophyll, which makes the plant green

CELLULAR DIVISION Chromosome: structure in nucleus which contains genes Genes help give living things a trait, or characteristic Tells cells how to grow and develop Made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Mitosis Division of body cells Meiosis Division of gametes (sex cells)

MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

MICROBIOLOGY (8.L.1.1) Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms such as: Viruses Bacteria Protozoa Parasites Fungi and Algae The organisms in these groups: Lack tissue differentiation Unicellular Diverse in form and size Some may cause disease (pathogen)

VIRUSES Non-living Made of DNA or RNA and a protein coat Need a host cell to reproduce Invade healthy cells and use the host cell to make more viruses Examples: small pox, yellow fever, chickenpox, measles, AIDS, HIV, influenza (Flu), the common cold Vaccination or anti-viral drugs are used to control and prevent the spread.

BACTERIA Prokaryotic Single-celled organism Live in a variety of conditions Reproduce through binary fission A form of asexual reproduction Can grow and divide rapidly Can Populations can double very quickly Grouped according to shape Spirillium: has a spiral shape Bacillus: rod-shaped Coccus: round or spherical shaped Antibiotics are used to inhibit the growth Examples: Lyme disease, tetanus, tuberculosis, strep throat, leprosy (Hansen’s disease)

PROTISTS Classified based on their method of movement Euglena Method of movement: flagella-whip like tail Plant or animal-like Paramecium Method of movement: cilia-hair like projections Animal-like Volvox Multicellular colony Plant-like (photosynthetic) Amoeba Method of movement: pseudopod- “false foot” Animal-like Slime-mold Creeping jelly Fungus-like

FUNGI Eukaryotic Non-photosynthetic Unicellular or Multicellular Yeasts, molds, and mildews are single-celled which can cause disease Mushrooms and shelf fungi are multicellular and do not cause disease. Heterotrophs Reproduce Sexually and asexually(with spores) Can sometimes cause disease Mold spores can cause mild to serious allergies (asthma, pneumonia, allergic reaction) Examples: Athlete’s foot and ringworm

PARASITES An organism that feeds on another individual, known as the host Can live on or in the host’s body Are specialized anatomically and physiologically Tapeworms No digestive system Absorb nutrients through their skin

TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE Infectious disease can be passed from one organism to another Communicable: when an infectious disease can be passed from person to person by direct contact with an affected person indirectly (sneezing, coughing, etc…) Vector An organism which transmits disease Examples: mosquito(malaria), fleas, ticks(Lyme disease), etc… Quarantine Removing the affected individual and isolating them to prevent the spread of disease

OUTBREAKS (8.L.1.2) Epidemiology: the study of how disease spreads and can be controlled Happens when a disease occurs in greater numbers than expected in a community or region, or during a season Can be considered as either: Epidemic Pandemic

Epidemic: Large number of people affected Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic of 2003 took 800 people Localized to one region or area Pandemic: Large number of people affected (larger than epidemic) Large range affected, usually worldwide Swine Flu Black Plague

TREATMENTS/PREVENTION Good hygiene Keeping yourself clean Washing your hands regularly Bathing Antibiotics An agent that kills or inhibits the growth of a microorganism Dose: the amount of medicine prescribed Antibiotic resistant bacteria is becoming an issue

Vaccinations Contains weakened or dead forms of a pathogen Pathogen: an organism which causes disease. Stimulates your immune system to make antibodies Potency: the strength of a medication Individual susceptibility: personal sensitivity toward something

HUMAN HEALTH The human body is divided into systems which work together and depend on each other The nervous system Includes the brain and sense organs Gathers and responds to information about the environment The digestive system Includes the mouth and the stomach Takes in food and breaks it down into smaller molecules The circulatory system Includes the heart and blood Delivers the molecules from digestive system to all the cells The respiratory system Includes the lungs Takes in oxygen from the air and passes it to the circulatory system

HUMAN HEALTH Cancer: uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body Carcinogen: substance that causes cancer Asthma: chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways Diabetes: due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the body not responding properly to the insulin Toxin: poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms Mutagen: substance that can cause a mutation in an organisms genetic code

BIOTECHNOLOGY (8.L.2.1) The use of living organism to solve problems and make useful products Domesticating crop plants and farm animals through selective breeding Using yeast to make bread rise and produce wine Using living cells and their molecules to solve problems and make useful products 3 basic kinds of biotechnology tools: Working with cells Working with proteins Working with genes

USES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Healthcare Diagnose, treat, and prevent disease Making medicine in large quantities (penicillin) and human insulin for diabetes Food and agriculture industries Improving the quality of agricultural crops and livestock. Energy and the environment Living cells and their molecules can help us develop new methods to clean up the environment, detect environmental contamination, and reduce the dependence on petroleum. Removing pollution from soil and water (bioremediation) Combating crime through DNA testing and forensic testing (DNA Fingerprinting)

CONTROVERSY Ethics: the rules of conduct or morals Genetic modification Changes the genetic material of a living organism Gene splicing: placing the gene from one organism into the DNA of another organism Cloning Produces an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another Example: Dolly, the cloned sheep

Cloning Gene Splicing

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Food provides molecules that serve as fuel and building materials for all organisms Plants use sunlight to make sugars out of CO 2 and water (autotrophs) transforms light energy to chemical energy Organisms that eat other plants or animals break down the material to produce energy they need to survive (heterotrophs) Matter is transferred when organisms eat or are eaten by others for food

Autotroph Produce their own food Usually through photosynthesis Sunlight + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Heterotroph Consume food from other sources When molecules from food react with oxygen to produce CO 2 and water in cellular respiration. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  ENERGY + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Cells convert energy (glucose) to a useable form of energy (ATP) The energy in ATP is how cells are able to carry out their functions

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CONTINUED In plants and animals molecules from food: React with oxygen to provide energy that is needed to carry out life functions Build and become incorporated into the body structure Are stored for later use Energy can change from one form to another in living things Animals get energy from oxidizing their food, releasing some energy as heat

HEALTH & NUTRITION A balanced diet combined with regular exercise aid in overall general health of the body The amount of energy required to maintain minimum essential life functions is called basal metabolic rate (BMR) Humans obtain this energy from the food they consume. Food energy is measured in calories Digestion must occur before the body can use the food energy and building materials Metabolism is the chemical reactions in the body, which store fuel (food) molecules and converting fuel molecules into energy

HEALTH & NUTRITION 3 factors that contribute to overall metabolic rate of the body: Basal metabolic rate is 60% Daily physical activities 30% Used to digest and process food 10% If more calories are consumed than used, then weight is gained Weight loss is when fewer calories are taken in than the body needs To burn food for energy oxygen has to be supplied to the cells and CO 2 removed The respiratory and circulatory work together to accomplish.