THE INSIDE STORY: OCEAN CIRCULATION by Robert Perry

DISCLAIMER: The images, maps and diagrams in this presentation were taken from the public domain on the world wide web. Any privately owned images not available for this non- commercial, educational project will gladly be removed.

The ocean waters circulate in specific patterns… they don’t just sit there!

Currents in the ocean may be horizontal vertical or SURFACE DEEP UP DOWN

1- Horizontal Surface Currents.

Surface currents are powered by the prevailing winds.

Consider these average wind patterns.

Compare the wind patterns to the currents.

The surface currents rotate in circles called gyres due to the Coriolis “Force” (or “effect”)

Atlantic gyres

Remember this slide: we’ll see it again later !

Clockwise rotation in northern hemisphere Counter-clockwise rotation in southern hemisphere N S

Pacific gyres

How are surface currents studied ?

Drifting buoys send their signals to satellites and are used to study ocean currents.

60,000 Nike shoes spilled from a storm-tossed cargo ship in the northeastern Pacific in May, 1990

1 shoe spill, May 27, recovered, March 26, recovered, May 18, recovered, January-February recovered, November-December recovered, February-March recovered, April 4, recovered, May 9-10, several recovered, January-March predicted, January-July 1994

The Gulf Stream: The shuttle Endeavor photographed the Gulf Stream off Newfoundland in 1992.

Ben Franklin’s map of the Gulf Stream.

Gulf Stream

GULF STREAM Warm water species:

“This satellite sea-surface temperature image of the Gulf Stream illustrates the two types of eddies, or rings, as they are now called: these are the warm core rings and the cold core rings. As the Gulf Stream flows north, it encounters the Labrador flowing south along the banks of Cape Hatteras. As these two currents meet, they begin to meander (they wind back and forth like a snake). Eventually, these meanders "pinch off" from the main flow and become independently rotating structures, known as rings”. (From oceansonline.com)

Process of ring formation from Gulf Stream meanders. From: Contents.html

“One set of rings, which contains the cold water of the Labrador Current, are known as cold core rings. These cold core rings spin off from the Gulf Stream and are propelled eastward into the North Atlantic Ocean. Their movements may take them quite far from the Gulf Stream and, depending on their size, they may retain their characteristics for months. As they spin off from the Gulf Stream, they have a certain rotational velocity, a net direction, and a characteristic temperature structure. Because their centers contain cold nutrient-rich water, a plankton bloom develops in the middle of these rings. The development of the plankton bloom, the development of organisms that feed on the plankton, and the eventual "death" of the ring as it mixes with the surrounding water is a fascinating study in the ecological succession of plankton communities. In recent years, entire oceanographic studies have been devoted to understanding the nature of the formation and evolution of these rings, and the biological communities that develop as a result of these rings”. (From oceansonline.com)

“On the other side of the Gulf Stream, warm water pinches off into structures called warm core rings. These rings typically spin off west and north of the Gulf Stream, and travel against the flow of the Labrador Current. Because their centers are composed of warm, nutrient-poor water, conditions are not ripe for plankton blooms. As such, these rings typically don't develop the kinds of biological communities we observe in cold-core rings”. (From oceansonline.com)

“The satellite image of sea surface temperature reveals quite nicely the differences between cold-core and warm-core rings. In the image shown, reds, oranges, and yellows are warm water, and greens and blues are cold water. Take a look at the center of the picture. You should be able to make out swirling masses of water associated with the northernmost part of the Gulf Stream. Can you see two dots of green in the middle of the red and yellow water? These are cold core rings. Just above them, on the other side of the Gulf Stream, is a large swirl of yellow water floating in the middle of green water. This is a warm-core ring. Note also the meanders of the Gulf Stream as it bends towards the east. It is these meanders that give rise to these rings”. (From oceansonline.com)

Horizontal water movement: 2. Deep Circulation.

Basic ideas: WARM or LESS SALTY WATER RISES COLD or MORE SALTY WATER SINKS UP ! DOWN !

THE SURFACE AND DEEP WATERS OF ALL MAJOR OCEANS ARE CONNECTED TOGETHER.

Deep ocean circulation (Stommel, 1958; Deep-Sea Res., 5, 80-82). Dots (o) are locations of deep water formation. o o

Vertical water movement: Upwelling.

2 things may cause upwelling: 2. WATER MOVING AWAY FROM LAND. 1. WATER MASSES MOVING APART.

DUE TO CORIOLIS, EQUATORIAL CURRENTS TEND TO DIVERGE OR MOVE APART CAUSING UPWELLING IN THE OPEN OCEAN.

CAUSES WATER TO MOVE AWAY FROM LAND IN EACH HEMISPHERE

In the southern hemisphere, wind and surface currents move from south to north causing coastal upwelling.

California In the northern hemisphere, wind and surface currents move from north to south causing coastal upwelling.

THE BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF UPWELLING IN THE SEA. PHOTIC ZONE SUNLIGHT

FERTILIZING NUTRIENTS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS ARE LOST TO THE BOTTOM, BELOW THE PHOTIC ZONE PHOTIC ZONE SUNLIGHT

ONLY UPWELLING CAN RETURN THE FERTILIZING NUTRIENTS TO THE PHOTIC ZONE PHOTIC ZONE SUNLIGHT

COASTAL UPWELLING ALONG THE WEST COAST. NOTICE THE COLDER WATER NEAR THE LAND, COMPARED TO THE WARMER WATER OFFSHORE.

COASTAL UPWELLING ALONG THE WEST COAST. THE LIGHT COLORS REPRESENT COLD TONGUES OF WATER MOVING OFFSHORE DUE TO UPWELLING ALONG THE COAST.

U P W E L L I N G !

Horizontal water movement: 3. Currents along the shoreline.

Incoming waves break and wash ashore. Water piles up during a set of waves and travels along the shore. This is the “Longshore Current.”

The longshore current empties back out to sea. This is called a “Rip Current.”

Caught in a rip? Swim parallel to the shore ! (Don’t try to swim in against it). swim out

T H E E N D