GST and the Indian Textile Industry 7 Apr 2015

Taxes to be Replaced by GST Main Taxes to be replaced are: Central taxes Central excise duties and Service tax along with all relevant cesses and surcharges State taxes State VAT Central sales tax and Entry tax Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Main Advantages of GST Indian Wide Common Market Absence of Fiscal Barrier (CST/Entry Tax) Single or limited number of rates Production efficiency: Resource allocation; no incentive for vertical integration Consumption efficiency Minimization of classification disputes Improved compliance Note that the new constitutional amendment bill proposes a 1% tax on all inter-state supplies

Key effects of GST GST Reform Improved Resource Allocation Lower Price of Capital Goods Higher Total Productivity Larger Capital Stock Improved Competitiveness Higher Potential Output Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Features of GST in India Dual GST: CGST and SGST Dual rate structure Lower rate: 12 % Standard rate: Estimates range from 20-27% for the composite rate Exempt category Exports zero-rated, imports taxable Inter-state sales subject to IGST=(CGST+SGST) Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Features of Textile Industry Large unorganized sector Large employment potential Mix of traditional and modern Low tax incidence Differentiated segments; composite products High export contribution and potential

Share of Textiles in Potential GST Tax Base

Key aspects of current taxation system as it applies to Textiles Usually low/ zero rates of taxes on final products Tax is shifted back to production (as opposed to consumption) leading to blocked input taxes and higher cost of production Inefficiencies in production Exemption of production inputs Duty Drawback Scheme Exemption by size of operation, giving rise to fragmentation of industry Complexities in compliance and administration Ad-hoc or piecemeal efforts to apply tax leads to significant opposition from all segments of textiles industry. Any piecemeal tax is complex, creates competitive distortions and is subject to collusion/ harassment by Tax Administration authorities Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Key aspects of current taxation system Classification disputes Fabrics vs garments, e.g. should Sarees be treated as fabrics or as readymade garments Lack of Fibre neutrality Cotton fibre vs manmade fibre. Cotton fibre treated favorably as compared to man-made fibres Effective tax rates vary by degree of integration Power looms vs Composite mills. Effective tax rates for composite mills higher than that of power looms discouraging integration of production adversely affecting efficiency Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry Textile segments Nine broad categories Khadi and handlooms Cotton textiles Woollen textiles Silk textiles Artificial silk and synthetic fibre textiles Jute, hemp, and mesta textiles Carpet weaving Ready-made garments Miscellaneous textile products Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Key concerns of textiles industry Break in input tax credit chain leads to blocked input taxes Complexities and distortions related to Small Business Threshold High compliance cost, especially for small units Lack of uniformity in Centre and States taxes: e.g., presently Job Workers are treated differentially under CENVAT and State VAT Continuing blockage of input taxes under GST – Petroleum products, Electricity, Real estate Possibility of some the taxes continuing after GST: e.g. Octroi, Entry tax, Electricity duty Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Estimated share of textile segments in tax base Textile Outputs Relative Shares in Estimated GST Tax Base (%) Khadi, cotton textiles (handlooms) 1.2 Cotton textiles 39.5 Woollen textiles 4.3 Silk textiles 1.6 Art silk, synthetic fibre textiles 18.7 Jute, hemp, mesta textiles 0.8 Carpet weaving 1.0 Readymade garments 16.3 Miscellaneous textile products 16.6 Total 100.0 Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Input structure across the nine textile categories - Shares by types of inputs Structure of Inputs Khadi, cotton textiles (handlooms) Cotton textiles Woollen textiles Silk textiles Art silk, synthetic fibre textiles Jute, hemp, mesta textiles Carpet weaving Readymade garments Miscellaneous textile products Synthetic fibres, resin Textile inputs 46.3 52.1 45.1 38.7 40.6 38.4 42.2 47.1 41.3 14.1 Non-textile inputs (goods) 16.2 11.9 19.5 25.2 28.4 19.9 16.5 23.4 58.4 Non-textile inputs (services) 36.5 34.2 33.9 35.0 29.7 39.6 36.7 35.3 33.6 22.4 Total Non-textile inputs 52.7 46.1 53.4 60.2 58.1 59.0 56.6 51.9 57.0 80.7 Non-textile inputs (not shown) 1.0 1.8 1.4 1.3 2.5 1.2 1.7 5.2 Total 100.0 Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Current Effective Tax Rates (RNR) - Combined for Centre and States Textile Categories RNR (%) Khadi, cotton textiles (handlooms) 4.0 Cotton textiles 7.1 Woollen textiles 9.3 Silk textiles 9.6 Art silk, synthetic fibre textiles 10.2 Jute, hemp, mesta textiles 9.0 Carpet weaving 5.6 Readymade garments* 10.5 Miscellaneous textile products 12.0 All Segments Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Price and Income Effects - Net effect on demand due to a shift to GST from the current indirect tax structure Category Base price Base+ Present Taxes Base+GST Increase in price (%) Change in demand (own price relative to all prices effect) (%) Change in demand (income effect (%) Net Change in demand (%) Khadi, cotton textiles (handlooms) 100 104.0 112 7.7% -2.2% 0.8% -1.4% Cotton textiles 107.1 4.6% -1.3% -0.5% Woolen textiles 109.3 2.4% -0.7% 0.1% Silk textiles 109.6 2.2% -0.6% Art silk, synthetic fiber textiles 110.2 1.6% 0.3% Jute, hemp, mesta textiles 109.0 2.8% -0.8% 0.0% Carpet weaving 105.6 6.1% -1.7% -1.0% Readymade garments 110.5 1.4% -0.4% 0.4% Miscellaneous textile products 112.0 0.7% Total 2.5% Assumption: GST is levied at a single rate of 12%

Key empirical findings Overall current RNR lower than the sum of lower CGST and SGST rates (12%); implies additional tax burden Blocked input taxes are relatively more for State VAT since output tax rates are zero for most categories compared to Cenvat where Input Cenvat on goods and service tax on service inputs are both rebated Category-wise RNR is highest for ready made garments and artificial silk and synthetic fibre textiles Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry Likely impact of GST If applied uniformly, GST is likely to address all concerns of industry It will eliminate any blockage of input taxes caused due to break of input tax credit chain Provide level playing field to all segments of textile industry Shift in tax burden from Production to Consumption (GST is a Consumption Tax) Significant simplification in compliance due to GSTN VAT rates on textiles in some international jurisdictions South Asia: Pakistan (5%), Bangladesh (15%), Sri Lanka (12%) Developed nations: Australia (10%), New Zealand (15%), Japan (5%, 8% from 1 April 2014 and 10% from 1 Oct 2015), UK (20%), Germany (19%), France (19.6%) China: 13%, 3% for SMEs without input tax credit Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry Likely impact of GST Key concern – Increase in tax burden from 9.3% to possibly 12% which may lead to a reduction in demand However overall impact may not be negative Greater efficiency in production – may lead to downward movement of prices Exports may go up due to true zero rating A major reform like GST will lead to higher GDP and higher disposable incomes Price and Income elasticity of demand may compensate for each other Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry Key effects of GST If all textile categories are put at the lower CGST and SGST rates, key effects will be as follows: Transparency effect Tax burden will be more transparent since blocked input taxes will be eliminated, all input taxes will be fully rebated Automatic zero-rating of exports Some of the present export-subsidy schemes may need to be redesigned or eliminated; thus, exports will be encouraged under GST without the need for explicit subsidy schemes Additional Revenue Effect The overall tax incidence on textile products will increase; the additional revenue can be used to redesign subsidy scheme for mitigating adverse impact on lower income groups; a distinction may need to be made between product groups where RNRs are close to the average and products where they are considerably lower Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry Key effects of GST Present zero-rating of textile outputs in the case of State VAT will go away and taxes paid on capital goods and textile machinery will also be rebated Productivity Enhancing Effects; Improvement in allocative efficiency; modernization of textile sector encouraged Improved Compliance Effect With input tax credit at each stage of value added and creation of information chain, there would be automatic improvement in compliance Keeping the same GST rate for all textile segments will facilitate further experimentation in mixing and blending as it can be done without any tax implication Present GST discussions indicate that cascading may continue with respect to petroleum products that serve as inputs; to that extent the burden on artificial silk and synthetic fibres will continue; since much of these products are exported, this disadvantage may continue unless a suitable mechanism is found to rebate input tax on petroleum products Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Policy Options under GST Key objective for options should be: Production efficiency Market Neutrality Minimize incremental burden on lower-income households A uniform and comprehensive GST most conducive for production efficiency and market neutrality Minimizing incremental burden on lower-income households is the remaining policy objective that could warrant deviation from a uniform GST

Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry Pattern of expenditure on essential items in Urban India - Share of Monthly per capita expenditure 2011-12 Fractile Class Basic Food Processed Food Fuel and light Clothing & bedding Medical Other expenditure Total 0-P5 52.2 7.0 11.4 6.8 3.0 19.5 100 P5-P10 50.8 7.8 10.5 6.3 3.6 21.0 P10-P20 48.7 7.5 9.7 6.2 4.2 23.7 P20-P30 46.8 7.6 9.0 4.3 26.0 P30-P40 45.0 7.7 8.6 6.0 4.5 28.2 P40-P50 42.0 8.2 8.1 4.6 31.1 P50-P60 40.8 5.8 5.5 32.7 P60-P70 38.1 8.3 7.1 5.7 35.3 P70-P80 6.7 5.4 5.6 38.5 P80-P90 31.6 8.9 6.1 5.2 42.2 P90-P95 26.7 6.4 46.4 >P95 16.4 11.5 4.1 57.5 All 33.6 39.8 Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry Policy options Zero rating Exemption Lower rate of tax Standard rate of tax with appropriate subsidies Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Policy options - Pros and Cons Zero rating Zero rating is possible only if all Input taxes are refunded Most jurisdictions find it difficult to administer and monitor input tax refunds Zero-rating in India proposed to be limited to exports Exemption Most distorting option Results in higher tax incidence due to blocked input taxes and tax cascading Shifts tax burden from Consumption to Production Exemption to fabrics leads to pressure from industry for exemption from production inputs as well. This leads to complex administration of tax Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Policy options - Pros and Cons Lower rate of tax Advisable only if government chooses to have a lower GST rate Lower rate should be extended to all fabrics and personal wear items to avoid classification disputes and market distortions However, difficult choices to be made: Fabrics Vs Apparel for personal wear Home textiles Technical textiles If inputs are taxable at higher rate and outputs are taxable at lower rate, refund and monitoring of refunds issues will arise Standard rate of tax with appropriate subsidies Clean tax system Achieves production efficiency, which is the key concern as opposed to the regressivity of the tax system Can be accompanied by an appropriate subsidy regime to support weakest segments of the textile industry Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

Supplementary Slides

Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry Pattern of expenditure on essential items in Rural India - Share of Monthly per capita expenditure 2011-12 Fractile class Basic Food Processed Food Fuel and light Clothing & bedding Medical Other expenditure Total 0-P5 52.9 7.7 12.4 7.4 3.1 16.6 100 P5-P10 52.4 7.8 11.4 7.2 3.8 17.5 P10-P20 52.7 7.6 10.6 6.9 4.0 18.2 P20-P30 51.7 7.5 10.2 6.7 4.7 19.1 P30-P40 51.1 9.5 6.6 20.4 P40-P50 50.1 8.0 9.1 4.9 21.4 P50-P60 49.3 8.8 5.4 22.2 P60-P70 47.8 7.9 8.4 6.2 5.5 24.2 P70-P80 46.4 6.0 6.4 25.5 P80-P90 44.0 5.8 27.8 P90-P95 39.9 8.7 31.6 >P95 30.8 4.5 4.4 11.0 40.5 All 45.0 26.5 Implications of GST for Indian Textile Industry

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