1 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 Reading from and Writing to Files

2 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 Files (3.12)  Data stored in variables is temporary  Files are used to permanently store large amounts of data  We will learn how to write programs that can o Create files o Write to files o Read from files  This is similar to how we read from the keyboard and wrote to the screen

3 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 Steps to Using Files  There are five steps that must be taken in order to use files in C++ 1. Include header files 2. Define a file stream object 3. Open the file 4. Use the file 5. Close the file

4 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 1. Libraries  To access files you will need to include o

5 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 2. File Stream Objects ifstream inputFile; ofstream outputFile; fstream inAndOut;  File stream objects are the ways that you refer to the files you are using o Can specify which input/output file to use o May input from more than one file o May output to more than one file

6 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 3. Opening Files inputFile.open(“filename”)  Same syntax for both input and output files  Filename is a string literal  Example: ifstream inputFile; inputFile.open(“input.dat”);

7 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 Check File Opened Correctly  Before we start using the file for reading or writing, we should make sure that it opened correctly if(!inputInfo == true) { cout << “Error opening input file “; exit(1); }

8 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 == true  These two statements are equivalent o if(!inputInfo == true) o if(!inputInfo)  Even if you don’t have == true in your loop, C++ will put it there by default  This applies to all conditional statements in repetition and selection structures

9 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 4. Using File Streams  Use input file variable wherever you use cin  Examples: o inputFile >> num;  Output output file variable wherever you use cout  Examples: o outputFile << num;

10 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science Example: Writing to a File  The following program asks the user to input numbers and writes these numbers to a file

11 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 Example #include using namespace std; int main() { ofstream outputFile; int num; outputInfo.open("out.dat"); if (!outputInfo) { cout << "*** Error opening file" << endl; exit (1); } cout << "Enter a number (9999 to quit): "; cin >> num; while (num != 9999) { outputFile << num << " "; cin >> num; } return 0; }

12 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science Reading from a File  Write a program that will read in a sequence of numbers (double) from a file and calculate the sum. Assume that the last number is the trailer (-9999)

13 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science Reading Until the EOF  It is possible to read from a file until the end is reached while (inputFile >> num) { cout << num << " "; sum += num; }

14 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science Reading Characters  Write a program that reads in some text from a file and outputs that text to the screen  The file contains: Hello Everyone! I'm a file that contains some text.

15 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 Solution ifstream inputFile; char letter; inputFile.open("in.dat"); if (!inInfo) { cout << "*** Error opening file" << endl; exit (1); } while (inputFile >> letter) { cout << letter; } cout << endl;

16 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 The Output  HelloEveryone!I'mafilethatcontainssometext.  What’s happened?!  All spaces, tabs, and new lines have been ignored.  This is because >> only reads visible characters  How can we read all characters so that the output looks exactly like the input

17 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 Solution ifstream inputFile; char letter; inputFile.open("in.dat"); if (!inInfo) { cout << "*** Error opening file" << endl; exit (1); } while (inputFile.get( letter )) { cout << letter; } cout << endl;

18 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science Problem  Consider the data file below, where - indicate spaces: d  What values would be assigned to the variables for each of the statements below where inputFile is the file variable? int i,j; double x,y; char ch; o inputFile >> i >> x >> y; o inputFile >> i >> j; o inputFile >> ch >> i; o inputFile >> x >> y >> ch >> x;

19 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 Problem 0 ( yournumber % 3) Read in the following file and print out the sum of ALL the numbers in the file and print out the sum of the numbers on each line, except the first number. The first number tells you how many more numbers there will be on that line. Output: Line 1: 10 Line 2: 6 Line 3: 20 Total: 48 File Example:

20 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 Problem 1 ( yournumber % 3) Read in the following file and print out the character you read and whether or not the letter is a vowel. At the end, print out how many of each vowel you found. Output: a: Vowel b: Not Vowel c: Not Vowel A: Vowel e: Vowel f: Not Vowel i: Vowel a: 2 e: 1 i: 1 o: 0 u: 0 File Example: a b c A e f i

21 10/25/06CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 Problem 2 ( yournumber % 3) Prompt the user for their first and last name and 50 numbers. Write the first and last name to a file followed by the numbers, two numbers on each line in reverse order. Output file: Bob Smith Input: Name? Bob Smith Number 1: 9 Number 2: 4 Number 3: 3 Number 4: Number 49: 9 Number 50: 1