Power of the Sun. Conditions at the Sun’s core are extreme –temperature is 15.6 million Kelvin –pressure is 250 billion atmospheres The Sun’s energy out.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Transmutations involve more than just the conversion of one element into another—they also involve the conversion of mass into energy. Nuclear energy released.
Advertisements

Physics of Fusion Lecture 1: The basics Lecturer: A.G. Peeters.
TITLE: Ionising Radiation Assignment Task 2a/b Objectives (We are learning that): Describe the different types of ionising radiation. (PASS) Describe the.
Nuclear Reactions, Transmutations, Fission and Fusion
Einstein’s Energy Mass Equivalence Powers the Sun!
NUCLEAR FUSION & NUCLEAR FISSION Noadswood Science, 2012.
Nuclear Reactions: AN INTRODUCTION TO FISSION & FUSION Farley Visitors Center.
Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Nuclear Physics Year 13 Option 2006 Part 2 – Nuclear Fusion.
PA 1140 Waves and Quanta Unit 4: Atoms and Nuclei l Lecture course slides can be seen at:
HANNAH SILVER, SPENCER LUKE, PETER TING, ADAM BARRETT, TORY TILTON, GABE KARP, TIMOTHY BERWIND Controlled Nuclear Fusion.
1 Lecture #24 Fusion ENGR 303I. 2 Outline Fusion →Definition →Atoms usually used Previous attempts at fusion Current attempts at fusion →International.
ENERGY SOURCES. TYPES OF SOURCES RENEWABLE: CAN BE REGENERATED IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME OR IS BASICALLY UNLIMITED RENEWABLE: CAN BE REGENERATED IN A.
Nuclear Fusion Energy Rishi Gohil ChE 379: Energy Technology and Policy Dr. Thomas Edgar Fall 2007.
Nuclear Reactions: AN INTRODUCTION TO FISSION & FUSION Farley Visitors Center.
Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Nuclear Fusion: Using the energy of the stars on Earth.
23.4 Nuclear energy NUCLEARNUCLEAR POWERPOWER Millstone Station.
23.4 Nuclear energy NUCLEARNUCLEAR POWERPOWER Millstone Station.
IB Physics 12 Nuclear Physics 6 Mr. Jean. The plan: Video clip of the day –Example of fission energies –Example of fusion energies –Recap of nuclear physics.
Nuclear Chemistry L. Scheffler. The Nucleus The nucleus is comprised of the two nucleons: protons and neutrons. The number of protons is the atomic number.
Nuclear Notes: StructureandRadioactivity redwood.org/stewart.
Nuclear Fusion - SAMI Introduction “Every time you look up at the sky, every one of those points of light is a reminder that fusion power is extractable.
Nuclear Fusion Katharine Harrison. Why Are We Interested? There are great challenges that are associated with fusion, but there are also very large possible.
19.9 nuclear fusion  light nuclei combine to give a more stable heavy nucleus plus possibly several neutrons, and energy is released. Used in hydrogen.
40 Nuclear Fission and Fusion After fusion, the total mass of the light nuclei formed in the fusion process is less than the total mass of the nuclei that.
Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion is a process in which two or more smaller nuclei collide and form a new, larger nucleus. In some fusion reactions, a neutron,
Nuclear Fusion The JET project. Conditions for fusion Fusion occurs at a sufficient rate only at very high energies (temperatures) - on earth, temperatures.
Electrostatics and Nuclear Processes. (From The Physics Classroom)
Nuclear Fission. unstable nucleus mass closer to 56.
NUCLEAR FUSION & NUCLEAR FISSION Noadswood Science, 2012.
The energy of future. World’s reserves of fuel are going to be exhausted in about 50 years. It’s also predicted that the gas and the coal resources will.
ATOMIC ENERGY 4 Binding Energy 4 Fission and Fusion 4 Nuclear Reactors 4 Electrical Generation.
Fusion: Basic Principles, Current Progress and ITER Plans
Fusion in the Stars Nunez & Panogalinog. Nuclear Fusion in stars is one of the most important reasons which make life on Earth possible! ○ HOW IS THAT.
Nuclear Notes: StructureandRadioactivity redwood.org/stewart.
Controlled Nuclear Fusion The JET Project
NUCLEAR FUSION.
Nuclear Reactions: FISSION & FUSION ã Nuclear reactions deal with interactions between the nuclei of atoms ã Both fission and fusion processes deal with.
The mass of the nuclei produced is less than the mass of the original two nuclei The mass deficit is changed into energy We can calculate the energy released.
Nuclear fission Nuclear fission: heavy nuclei split into two smaller parts in order to become more stable proton neutron Kr-90 nucleus U-235 nucleus energy.
Nuclear Fusion and Fission
MEASURING RADIATION Large doses of radiation are harmful to living tissue. Radiation can be measured with a Geiger counter – a device that measures radioactivity.
 In nuclear fission, large atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms, releasing energy.  Fission also produces new neutrons when an atom splits. 
Nuclear Energy – Learning Outcomes  Describe the principles underlying fission and fusion.  Interpret nuclear reactions.  Discuss nuclear weapons. 
Fusion. Examples ● Fusion is the reaction that produces the energy in the sun.
Nuclear Fusion Katharine Harrison.
Fusion Susan Cartwright.
KAI ZHANG Nuclear Fusion Power KAI ZHANG Oct
Nuclear Fusion and energy utilities
A. Nuclear Forces Do nuclei contain attractive or repulsive forces?
A. Nuclear Forces Do nuclei contain attractive or repulsive forces?
Nuclear Fusion.
Chapter 5 Energy Resources
E = mc2 If you can’t explain it simply, you haven’t learned it well enough. Einstein.
MEASURING RADIATION Large doses of radiation are harmful to living tissue. Radiation can be measured with a Geiger counter – a device that measures radioactivity.
Nuclear Power.
Fission Vs. Fusion.
Unit 5.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Nuclear Reactions: FISSION & FUSION.
What is nuclear fusion. How is it different to fission?
Fission and Fusion Chp 24.
Nuclear Fission Elliott.
AN INTRODUCTION TO FISSION & FUSION
Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Fission and Fusion.
Nuclear Energy Nuclear Structure and Radioactivity.
Presentation transcript:

Power of the Sun

Conditions at the Sun’s core are extreme –temperature is 15.6 million Kelvin –pressure is 250 billion atmospheres The Sun’s energy out put (~386 billion megawatts/sec) is produced by nuclear fusion reactions.

Nuclear Fusion The process that unites small mass nuclei into larger mass nuclei Extremely large amounts of energy released More efficient at producing energy than fission

Note that the slope of the curve is much steeper in the fusion region than the fission region (fusion returns much more energy per nucleon than fission

How Does Fusion Work?

As you add heat the atoms possess more kinetic energy The state of matter increases in disorganization

Plasma Fusion reactions occur only at very high temp (100 million o C) At these temperatures matter exists in a state called plasma In a plasma, electrons are stripped from their nuclei A plasma consists of charged particles (ions and electrons

Conditions for Fusion Particles must be hot enough (temperature) Particles must be in sufficient number (density) Particles must be well contained (confinement time)

In plasma, nuclei are +charged & repel each other The ions must have kinetic energies high enough to approach close enough for the attractive nuclear force to overcome the electrostatic repulsion allowing the nuclei to fuse.

Choose a fusion reaction that has a high probability of happening and requires the lowest temperature Selecting a Fusion Process

The most suitable fusion reaction for the production of energy in fusion reactors is between the nuclei of the “heavy” isotopes of hydrogen Deuterium is plentiful in ordinary water Tritium can be produced from lithium

1/6500 atoms of H in sea water is deuterium –1.03 x D atoms in 1 L of sea water –1 km 3 has energy potential of 1360 billion barrels of crude oil Tritium is radioactive –t1/2=12.4 yr –generated from Li via neutron capture

Confinement of a Plasma Ions must be held together long enough for fusion to occur No material walls can contain a plasma millions of degrees hot. Either the plasma will damage the walls or the walls will cool the plasma

Methods of Confinement Gravity Magnetic –strong magnetic field restricts the motion of the ions to a limited space & keeps them from striking the walls of the container Inertial – an intense energy beam, such as a laser is used to heat an compress the hydrogen so quickly that fusion occurs before the atoms can fly apart

Fusion in a Tokamak Red toroidal field coils produce cylindrical magnetic field Blue coils used for special shaping of plasma Gray vessel contains plasma plasma is very hot (white) at center & cooler (red) towards outside

Advantages of Fusion Produces large amounts of energy Fuels are plentiful Inherently safe since any malfunction results in a shutdown of the fusion reaction No atmospheric pollution leading to acid rain or greenhouse effect No long-term storage of radioactive waste needed

Fusion Energy Production Enough fuel for the lifetime electricity needs of an average person in an industrialized country can be produced from –10 grams of deuterium extracted from 500 liters of water –15 grams tritium produced from 30 g of lithium if all of the world’s electricity were provided by fusion, lithium reserves would last for at least 1000 yrs

Fusion Energy Production The fusion energy released from a 1 gram mixture of D and T generates about the same amount of energy as 2400 gallons of oil