Table 8-1. Middle and Working Class, Outline of Chapter 8 (Kerbo, p. 215) Defining and Locating the Middle and Working Classes Recent Historical Changes Consequences of Class Positions Economic and Political Position

Table 5-5. The Convergence of Occupational, Bureaucratic, and Property Divisions on Class Categories (Kerbo, p. 145) Positions in three main types of institutional structures Class categoriesOccupation Bureaucratic Authority Property Relation Upper ClassHigh Owner Corporate ClassHigh Non-Owner/low Middle ClassHigh to MidMidNon-Owner/low Working ClassMid to LowLowNon-Owner/low Lower ClassLow Non-Owner

Table 8-2. Further Detail on the Middle and Working Classes (based on Kerbo, pp ) ClassOccupationAuthorityProperty Middle ClassProfessional, sales, clericals; non- manual; white collar; higher education Middle or lower managers and supervisors (new middle class) Small shopkeepers or employers: petite bourgeoisie (old middle class) Working ClassLower skilled; less complex; factory, operatives, trades; manual; blue collar; less education No authority; supervised Wage workers

Table 8-3. Percent of Civilian Labor Force by Occupation, (Kerbo, p. 220) Occupation Professionals4%5%7%11%15%13%16% Managers6%7% 11% 15% Sales/tech5% 7%6% 15% Clerical3%8%10%15%18%15%13% Total White Collar18%25%31%43%50%54%59% Crafts11%13% 11% Operatives13%16%18% 15%11%13% Laborers12% 9%5% 4% Service9%8%12% 14%18%14% Farmers38%27%17%8%3% Total Blue Collar83%76%68%56%50%47%41%

Table 8-4. Percent of Households Earning % of Median in 1995 and Change, for Major Industrial Nations (Kerbo, p. 2226) Country% of Households% Change, Australia27.6%-2.6% Canada35.8%+2.8% France39.4%+3.7% Germany43.9%+2.4% Netherlands38.7%-2.3% Norway45.3%+3.9% Sweden52.7%-1.3% Great Britain32.6%-3.9% United States27.3%-4.4%

Table 8-5. Mean Wealth for Poorest to Wealthiest Fifths of U.S. Population in 1962, 1998, and 2004 (Kerbo, p. 232) Poorest to Wealthiest Fifth of Population Wealthiest Fifth$680,800$1,305,800$1,822,600 Second Fifth$112,700$186,900$243,600 Third Fifth$45,700$70.700$81,900 Fourth Fifth$8,000$12,900$14,400 Poorest Fifth-$6,000-$10,300-$11,400

Table 8-6. Accidental Deaths in Private Industry per 100,000 Workers by Industry (Kerbo, p. 237) IndustryDeaths Per 100,000 Workers Agriculture, forestry, fishing29.2% Mining28.3% Construction11.6% Manufacturing2.5% Transportation and utilities16.5% Trade1.2% Services2.1% Total Number of Fatal Accidents in Private Industry in 2004 = 4,952

Table 6-2. Classes Defined by Class, Status, and Party Class Location Base of Class Location ClassStatusParty Upper ClassWealthyLeisureActive CorporateWealthyBusinessActive ManagerialRichBusinessProbably Votes ProfessionalRichProfessionalMay be Active Working ClassModerateFamilyMight Vote Lower ClassPoorStreetInactive

Table 8-7. Social and Community Participation and Child Rearing Practices of Middle and Working Class (based on Kerbo, pp ) ClassSocial and CommunityChild Rearing Middle Class More Community Involvement (may vary by neighborhood); more articulate, cultured, cosmopolitan; shop Macy’s Stress initiative, self- reliance, achievement, deferred gratification Working Class More Involved with Extended Family; Gender segregated friendships; country western, drag races and beauty contests; shop Wal-Mart Stress conformity; working with things rather than ideas

Table 8-8. Percent of U.S. Citizens Voting in Selected Elections by Family Income, (Kerbo, p. 243) Income <$5, %34.7%32.4%37.9%21.1%28.2% <$10, %41.3%39.5%38.3%23.9%34.7% <$15, %47.7%46.8%46.7%30.4%37.7% <$20, %53.5%55.7%52.8%34.6%43.4% <$25, %57.8%62.5%52.8% <$35, %64.0%69.6%56.6%40.2%51.0% <$50, %70.3%75.7%62.6%44.0%57.5% $50, %75.6%79.9%72.8% 49.9%65.2% <$75,000 $75, %71.5%

Table 8-9. Percentage of Poverty Reduction through Government Action and Rank on Class Issues (4=Highest to 1=Lowest) in National Voting for Selected Countries (Based on Kerbo, p. 245) CountryPoverty Reduction Class Voting Rank Mean Poverty Reduction for Rank Sweden-80.4% Denmark-72.1%4 England-50.0%4 Belgium-80.6% Germany-65.5%3 Australia-50.0%3 Netherlands-70.6% France-65.3%2 Italy-64.7%2 Spain-63.1%2 Canada-50.0% United States-28.5%1

Table Average Hourly Wage, Insurance, Pension, and Total Compensation for Union and Nonunion Workers in the United States in 2005 (Kerbo, p. 247) WagesInsurancePensionTotal Union$24.10$3.63$2.39$33.17 Nonunion$18.81$1.54$0.72$23.09 Union Premium $ $5.29$2.09$1.67$10.08 Union Premium % 28.1%135.7%231.9%43.7%

Table Union Membership in 1994 for Selected Countries (Kerbo, p. 249) CountryPercent Union United States13.5% Japan27% England42% West Germany34%