To Accompany Comprehensive, Alternate, and Texas Editions American Government: Roots and Reform, 10th edition Karen O’Connor and Larry J. Sabato  Pearson Education, 2009  Chapter 8 The Presidency

How does this cartoon illustrate Nixon’s comment that “Those on the right can do what only those on the left can only talk about”?

Roots of the PresidencyPresidency  No chief executive under Articles of Confederation.  Natural-born citizen, 35 years old.  Two four-year terms, per Twenty-Second Amendment.  Little attention to vice president.  Can be impeached by Congress.  Order of succession in Twenty-Fifth Amendment.succession

Constitutional Powers  More limited than Article I powers of Congress.  Appointments to executive, Cabinet, and judiciary.Appointments  Convene Congress.  Make treaties or executive agreements.Make treaties or executive agreements  Veto legislation; no line-item veto.Veto legislation  Act as commander in chief of armed forces.  Pardon individuals accused of crimes.

Constitutional Powers  More limited than Article I powers of Congress.  Appointments to executive, Cabinet, and judiciary.Appointments  Convene Congress.  Make treaties or executive agreements.Make treaties or executive agreements  Veto legislation; no line-item veto.Veto legislation  Act as commander in chief of armed forces.  Pardon individuals accused of crimes.

Executive Orders and Signing Statements 1978 Presidential Records Act to ‘need to know basis’ Reagan, Bush, Clinton and Obama –E.O. on stem cell research and freedom of conscience provision in Hyde Amendment, and federal funding of Planned Parenthood Youngstown Sheet and Tube V. Sawyer –Truman seized mills, mines and factories –Crucial to continue war efforts in Korean War

Presidential Qualifications Age Years residency Natural born citizen –Diplomats were often out of country Two terms standard established by Washington –Fear of constitutional monarch –22 nd Amendment – due to FDR four term election 2 – 4 year terms Vice President can serve for 10 years Ratified 1951 Ben Franklin supported impeachment –Without, assassination would be more prevalent

Executive Privilege Executive Privilege invoked first by Washington U.S. v. Nixon (1974) –Watergate - Court rules E.P. cannot be exercised Must comply with court order for evidence in a crime

Roles of the President  Chief law enforcer.  Leader of the party.  Commander in chief.  Shaper of domestic policy.  Player in legislative process.  Chief of state.

Establishing Presidential PowerPresidential Power  George Washington sets precedent.  Claimed inherent powers for national government.  John Adams and Thomas Jefferson follow lead.  Andrew Jackson asserts power through veto.  Abraham Lincoln uses Civil War to expand office.  Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal ushers in new era.

George Washington Chief Executive –Whiskey Rebellion (taxes) Est.Federal Supremacy –Cabinet System Chief Diplomat –Foreign Relations England v France War Established idea of strict neutrality Inherent powers

Thomas Jefferson Informal Exercise of Power Chief Executive Louisiana Purchase –Inherent power to acquire territory Over objections of Congress –Congress has duty of admitting new states to the Union

Theodore Roosevelt Informal Exercise of Power Stated the President has the right and duty to “do anything that the needs of the Nation demanded, unless such was forbidden by the Constitution or by the laws.”

Andrew Jackson Chief Legislator –12 vetoes –Appointed members of Congress to cabinet positions as reward Chief Executive –12 states added to Union –Expanded Post Office Communicator –Common man’s man –Jacksonian Democracy

Abraham Lincoln Immediate Needs of the Nation Chief Executive –Wartime president Did what was necessary to preserve the union –Ignored Congress Suspended habeas corpus Expanded army passed Congressional limits Blockade of southern ports (act of war) Closed U.S. Mail to treasonable correspondence

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Immediate Needs of the Nation Legislator/Economic Planner –Expanded role of government due to Great Depression –New Deal legislation Social and economic programs to create jobs –Established Executive Office of the President –Set up Federal Agencies to regulate industry 600,000 employees 1933 to 3 million in 1945

Lyndon Johnson (LBJ) Commander in Chief –Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Congress grants power to escalate Viet Nam War Legislator –Civil Rights Legislation –Great Society

Harry S. Truman Legislator –Issued executive order to desegregate the military –Seized the steel industry

Ronald Reagan Use of the Media Television, radio, newspapers, White House Website Medial provides a forum for presidential messages “The Great Communicator”

Jimmy Carter Judicial Power –Amnesty to draft dodgers from Viet Nam War Chief Diplomat –Panama Canal Returned to Panama

George W. Bush Commander-in-Chief –Iraq Resolution –Axis of Evil (Korea, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran) Chief Executive –Department of Homeland Security Legislator –Patriot Act

Presidential Establishment  Growing power of the vice president.  Cabinet advisors to deal with a variety of issues.Cabinet  First ladies act as informal advisors.  Executive Office of the President.  White House staff directly responsible to president.

Presidential Leadership  Leadership ability and personality can be key.personality  “Power to persuade.”  Bully pulpit and going public.  Approval ratings can help or hinder.Approval ratings

President as Policy Maker  FDR is first president to send policy to Congress.  Very difficult to get presidential policies passed.  Ability to get desired budget passed helps.  Office of Management and Budget plays key role.  Use of executive order to avoid Congress.

AV- Presidential Approval  Back

Table 8.1- U.S. Presidents  Back

Table 8.2- Presidential Succession  Back

25 th Amendment Followed 1947 Presidential Succession Act – See Table 8.2 Assured continuation of Act New V.P. appointed by President w/Senate Approval Incapacitation of President –V.P. appointed as President –President Bush makes Dick Cheney President Temporarily in 2002 Underwent colonoscopy

Table 8.3- Women on Presidential Teams  Back

Table 8.4- Treaties  Back

Table 8.5- Presidential Vetoes  Back

Table 8.6- Best and Worst Presidents  Back

Table 8.7- U.S. Cabinet  Back

Table 8.8- Presidential Personalities  Back