KEY CONCEPT Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.

Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike. Protists are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi.

Animal-like protists consume other organisms. heterotrophs single-celled

Plantlike protists are photosynthetic. single-celled, colonial, or multicellular no roots, stems, or leaves

Funguslike protists decompose dead organisms. heterotrophs can move, whereas fungi cannot

Protists are difficult to classify. Protista is one kingdom in the domain Eukarya.

Protist classification will likely change. Some protists are not closely related. Molecular evidence supports reclassification.

KEY CONCEPT Animal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs that can move.

Animal-like protists move in various ways. Animal-like protists are often called protozoa. macronucleus food vacuole oral groove micronucleus contractile vacuole cilia

Protozoa with flagella are zooflagellates. flagella help zooflagellates swim more than 2000 zooflagellates

change shape as they move Some protists move with pseudopods. change shape as they move amoebas

Some protists move with pseudopods. change shape as they move amoebas foraminifera

cilia help protists swim and capture food Some protozoa move with cilia. cilia help protists swim and capture food more than 8000 ciliates macronucleus food vacuole oral groove micronucleus contractile vacuole cilia

Some animal-like protists cause disease. Protists cause some well-known infectious diseases. sporozoites human liver liver cells developed parasites red blood cells Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes. Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma and spread by flies. A giardia infection is caused by Giardia and spread through water. Malaria Infection

KEY CONCEPT Algae are plantlike protists.

Plantlike protists can be single-celled or multicellular. Photosynthetic plantlike protists are called algae. colony daughter colony

mostly photosynthetic Euglenoids are a large group of plantlike protists. mostly photosynthetic some heterotrophic single-celled one or two flagella pellicle nucleus chloroplast eye spot contractile vacuole flagellum

have stiff protective plates Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plantlike protists. have two flagella may be bioluminescent have stiff protective plates can cause red tide Dinoflagellates

produce large amounts of oxygen Diatoms are plantlike protists with glasslike shells. shells made of silica produce large amounts of oxygen

Multicellular algae are classified by their pigments. Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b. Brown algae contain chlorophyll c. Red algae contain chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin.

Many plantlike protists can reproduce both sexually and asexually. All algae can reproduce asexually. Multicellular algae can fragment. Chlamydomonas divides into zoospores.

Some algae produce sexually. Some species alternate generations. Sexual reproduction can be triggered by environmental stress.

KEY CONCEPT Funguslike protists decompose organic matter.

Slime molds and water molds are funguslike protists. Slime molds have both funguslike and animallike traits. decomposers, like fungi can move, like animals

Slime molds can be plasmodial or cellular. Plasmodial slime molds are giant cells with many nuclei. Cellular slime molds contain independent cells.

Water molds are freshwater, funguslike protists. one type of water mold caused Great Potato Famine of Ireland in the 1800’s made of branching strands of cells can be parasites of plants or fish

KEY CONCEPT Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb their food.

Fungi are adapted to absorb their food from the environment. Plants and fungi have different traits. Fungal cell walls are made of chitin. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose. Plants have chlorophyll and photosynthesize. Fungi absorb food through hyphae.

Fungi are multicellular organisms, with the exception of yeasts. hyphae mycellium fruiting body

Fungi come in many shapes and sizes. Primitive fungi are aquatic and have flagellated spores. Sac fungi form a reproductive sac, or ascus. Yeasts are single-celled sac fungi. Morels and truffles are multicellular sac fungi.

Bread molds are often found on spoiled food. form zygospores during reproduction mycorrhizae belong to this group

Club fungi have fruiting bodies which are club-shaped. reproductive structures called basidia include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi

Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually. Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding. Yeasts form asci during sexual reproduction.

distinctive reproductive structures Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles. distinctive reproductive structures

Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles. life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both

Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles. life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both

All fungi form spores and zygotes.

KEY CONCEPT Fungi recycle nutrients in the environment.

Fungi may be decomposers, pathogens, or mutualists. Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in any ecosystem. decompose dead leaves, twigs, logs, and animals return nutrients to the soil can damage fruit trees and wooden structures

Fungi can act as pathogens. human diseases include ringworm and athlete’s foot plant diseases include Dutch elm disease

Fungi can act as mutualists. lichens form between fungi and algae mycorrhizae form between fungi and plants

Fungi can act as mutualists. relationships form between fungi and some insects

Fungi are studied for many purposes. Fungi are useful in several ways. as food as antibiotics as model systems for molecular biology