Ecology - the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment -Studies the interconnections between the individual parts of a system (the plants, the nutrients, …) and how they work to form the whole system
Matter - everything that takes up space and has mass Energy - the capacity to do work –kinetic energy - the energy of motion –potential energy - stored energy ready for use 1st Law of Thermodynamics –energy is conserved ( E = Q - W) 2nd Law of Thermodynamics –no transformation of energy is completely efficient
Elements Substances that cannot be broken down into two or more simpler substances by ordinary physical or chemical means. (i.e. excluding nuclear reactions / radioactive decay) Most abundant elements in the Continental Crust Oxygen 45% by wt.Sodium 2.32% Silicon 27% Potassium 1.7% Aluminum 8%Titanium 0.86 % Iron 5.8%Hydrogen 0.14% Calcium 5%Manganese 0.1 % Magnesium 2.8%Phosphorous 0.1 % All other elements 0.77 % ----> 100%
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Atoms
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Isotopes
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Energy pyramid Figure Source: Data from Howard T. Odum, “Trophic Structure and Productivity of Silver Springs, Florida” in Ecological Monographs, 27:55-112, 1957, Ecological Society of America.
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Photosynthesis 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6H 2 O + 6CO 2
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Water Strongly Polar Liquid over a wide range of temperatures High Specific Heat High Heat of Vaporization Becomes less dense as it solidifies
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Energy exchange in ecosystem Figure