CSD 2230 HUMAN COMMUNICATION DISORDERS Topic 3 Introductory Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech, Voice and Auditory System The Respiratory System

Anatomical Terms Anterior toward the front Posterior/Dorsal toward the back Superior upper Inferior lower External toward the outside Internal toward the inside Medial toward or near the midline Lateral toward the side Deep away from the surface Superficial toward the surface

Anatomical Terms Relating to Musculature Origin a muscle’s point of attachment that’s relatively fixed Insertion a muscle’s point of attachment that’s relatively movable Action the movement of a structure that occurs during muscle contraction. Usually occurs at the insertion point

Respiratory System primary biological function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen to the blood and remove excess carbon dioxide from the body Supplying the power source for speech is a secondary function

Structural Framework of the Respiratory System 1. Vertebral column 2. Thorax 3. Pectoral girdle 4. Pelvic girdle

Vertebral Column Comprised of 32 separate bony vertebrae joined together by ligaments or fibrous connective tissue

Vertebrae Body Spinal processes

Vertebral Column Cervical (7)Sacral (5) Thoracic (12)Coccygeal (5) Lumbar (5)

Thorax 12 thoracic vertebrae Sternum 12 pairs of ribs

Thorax True Ribs Costal cartilages Sternum False ribs Floating ribs

Pectoral Girdle Clavicle Scapula

Pelvic Girdle Ilium Ischium Pubis

Pulmonary System Trachea Lungs

Trachea Cartilaginous and membranous tube 20 horseshoe- shaped rings of cartilage that extends downward from the larynx

Pulmonary System

Musculature 1. Muscles of inhalation Above the diaphragm 2. Muscles of exhalation Below the diaphragm 3. Paired

Muscles of Inhalation Diaphragm A thin, dome-shaped structure composed of muscle fibers and a broad tendon on its superior surface. As the diaphragm contracts, it pulls the lungs downward increasing lung volume

Other Muscles of Inhalation external intercostals 11 pairs of muscles located in the spaces between the ribs assist in increasing the size of the thoracic cavity during inhalation

Other Muscles of Inhalation internal intercostals paired with the externals and lie just deep to them. help control the descent of the rib cage during exhalation

Pectoralis Major and Minor Major is the upper view; minor is the lower view Both assist in elevation of the ribs and in thoracic expansion during inhalation

Levatores Costarum 12 pairs located on the posterior aspect of the rib cage serve to elevate the ribs and expand the thorax during inhalation.

Sternocleidomastoid and Scalene Muscles Found primarily in the neck Pull up on the sternum and first 2 ribs during inhalation

Muscles of Exhalation External Obliques

Muscles of Exhalation Internal Obliques

Muscles of Exhalation Transverse Adominis

Muscles of Exhalation Rectus Abdominis

Physiology for Respiration and Breathing for Speech Tidal Breathing Rate and depth depends on the body’s oxygen needs and amount of CO 2 in the blood

Physiology for Respiration and Breathing for Speech Inhalation Rib cage elevates, causing the lungs to expand Exhalation Thorax decreases, reducing lung volume Air pressure in the lungs increases Air rushes out Passive recoil forces

Speech Breathing Respiration during speech differs from quiet, tidal, breathing in a number of ways: 1. during speech breathing, inhalations occur only at major linguistic boundaries like between phrases and sentences 2. during speech breathing, the time spent inhaling is shortened greatly and the time spent exhaling is greatly increased 3. during quiet breathing, the air exchange during one respiratory cycle is about 1/2 liter whereas one may inhale as much as 2 liters of air during speech breathing, depending on the utterance 4. speech breathing frequently requires active muscle contraction during exhalation

Life-Span Issues Regarding Respiration Tidal breathing rate Maximum lung capcity Factors affecting lung function 1. Age 2. Exercise 3. Health 4. Smoking