 What is incident handling?  Why is it important?  What is an incident?  Fundamentals  The Six Step process  Legal issues

 Incident Handling is an action plan for dealing with intrusions, cyber-theft, denial of service, malicious code, fire, floods, and other security-related events.  Having procedures and policy in place so you know what to do when an incident occurs

 Sooner or later an incident is going to occur. Do you know what to do?  It is not a matter of.if. but.when.  Planning is everything  Similar to backups - You might not use it every day, but if a major problem occurs you are going to be glad that you did

 Plans, policies and procedures developed for incident handling must comply with applicable laws.  This is not a legal course, have them reviewed by legal counsel.

 An.incident. is an adverse event in an information system, and/or network, or the threat of the occurrence of such an event.  Incident implies harm, or the attempt to do harm.  The fact that an incident has occurred may mean a law has been broken

 Bombings, Explosions  Earthquakes, Fires, Floods  Power outages, Storms  Hardware/software failures  Strikes, Employees unavailable  Hazard material spills  Cyber-theft, Intellectual property theft  Viruses, worms or other malicious software  Unauthorized use  Intrusions, Internal or external attack  Denial of Service.

 An.event. is any observable occurrence in a system and/or network. Examples of events include:  the system boot sequence  a system crash  packet flooding within a network  These observable events compose an incident  All incidents are composed of events, but not all events are incidents

 Which of the following is an incident ? 1. An attacker running NetBIOS scans against a UNIX system. 2. An attacker exploiting Sendmail on a UNIX system. 3. A backup tape containing sensitive information is missing.

 Incident Handling is similar to first aid. The caregiver tends to be under pressure and mistakes can be very costly. A simple, well- understood approach is best.

 Preparation  Identification  Containment  Eradication  Recovery  Lessons Learned

Getting your environment and team ready to handle incidents

◦ Policy ◦ People ◦ Data ◦ Software/Hardware ◦ Communication ◦ Supplies ◦ Transportation ◦ Space ◦ Power and Environment control ◦ Documentation The Goal of Preparation is to Get Your Team ready to handle incidents

 Be Calm  Take Notes,Logs,etc.. ◦ Hand Written Notes are a great Help ◦ Use Time Stamps in the Notes.  Management Support ◦ Regular Reports (Preferred Monthly) ◦ Graphically illustrated Reports

 Build An Incident Handling Team ◦ Identify qualified People ◦ Multi- disciplinary Team is the best  Network  Security  Operations  Systems  HR

 Prepare System Built Checklist ◦ Procedures of Backing Up and Rebuilding systems  Getting Access to systems and Data ◦ Incident Handling Team Need to have access the System(Even without notifying system admins) ◦ Strike a Bargain with the Operation Team  Establish a War Room

 Train The Team ◦ Conduct training scenarios ◦ Deploy an internal Honey Pot  Conduct War Games ◦ Pen Tests ◦ Do This with more experienced teams  Cultivate Good Relationships ◦ Helpdesk ◦ Sys admins, network admins

 Get a bag and load it with items that you might use in an incident.  Never steal from this bag  Use check list while loading the bag

 Binary image creation software ◦ dd,windd,cryptcat,netcat  Forensics tools  Sleuth Kit, Autospy (Free), Encase, Xways  Diagnostic Softwares : ◦ No XPE ◦ Helix (Great Tool) ◦ Backtrack

 USB Drives  External Hard Disks  HUB OR TAB (No switch)  Patch cables  Laptop with Multi-OS  A Lot of RAM  Jumpers,Flashlight, Tweezers,Dental Mirror, Business Cards

Detecting Deviation from the norm and attempts to do harm

 The Goal is to gather events,analyze them, and determine if it is an incident.

 Be Willing to alerts early. ◦ Do not be afraid to declare an incident  Maintain situation awareness  Provide current intelligence  Correlate information  Assign Primary Handler ◦ Try to assign a helper (WHY?)  Control the flow of information (Need to Know)

 Communication Channels ◦ You can not trust the network if you suspect you have an attack ◦ Use out-of-band Communication ◦ Be careful with (VoIP)  Wireshark  VOMIT

 Network Detection  Host Detection  System detection

 IDS tool has an alert  Unexplained entries in a log file  Failed events, such as logon  Unexplained events (new accounts)  System reboots  Poor performance

 SANS -Windows cheat sheet  SANS-Linux cheat sheet

Stopping the Damage and making Forensics images

 The Goal is to stop the bleeding. ◦ Stop the attacker to get any deeper.  We will cover the following: ◦ The Sub-phases of containment. ◦ Methods of short-term containment ◦ Backup ◦ Method of long term containment.

 Disconnect network cable  Pull power cable  Isolate the attacked server on a separate switch  Apply filters(FW)  Change the DNS names to point to a different IP address

 Coordinate with your ISP,regarding external attacks. ◦ Large packet floods, warms, bot-nets.

 Keep low profile  Analyze the copy of the forensic image: ◦ Make an image ASAP ◦ Use Blank Media ◦ If possible take bit-by-bit image ◦ Never analyze the original. ◦ Keep original Pristine for evidence.

 First thing you isolate, then image. ◦ Use CD do not use USB. ◦ Do not grace shutdown the system. ◦ Store the image in safe place.  Original (Evidence)  Image1 (May be put back into production)  Image2 (Analysis)  Use drive duplicators if possible  Train on the image creation.

 Acquire the logs and other sources of information.  Review logs from neighboring systems.  How far did the attacker get.  Make recommendation for log term containment. ◦ It is a business decision

 As long as you got your evidence and image backup, you can make changes to the system.  Ideal: keep system off line.  Less than ideal :if system must be kept in production, perform long term Containment.

 Numerous potential actions: ◦ Patching the system and nighbourng systems. ◦ Change password ◦ Null routing ??? ◦ FW ◦ Remove accounts used by attackers.  Do not forget (you still need to eradicate)  The ideal long-term containment is to apply temporary solution tell you build a clean system.

Cleaning up and removing the artifacts done by the attacker

 By stopping the bleeding I need to eradicate, or to get rid of any attacker’s artifacts.  In this phase we determent the cause and the effect of the Incident: ◦ By analyzing all data. ◦ Isolating the system and studying the attack patterns.

 Locate the most recent CLEAN backup  In the case of suspecting root kit attack,please rebuild the system from scratch  Remove malicious soft wares: ◦ Virus ◦ Backdoor ◦ Rootkits or Kernal level rootkits

 Now the Attackers got you : ◦ Implement the appropriate protection:  Firewalls.  New name /IP for the system  Null routing  Hardening  Patching

 Perform Vulnerability analysis ◦ Network assessment ◦ System assessment ◦ Scan the entire network for interesting ports.  Nessus, is a big help.  Remember the attacker often uses the same exploit and backdoor on multiple machines, so look for them in multiple environments.

Getting Back to business … Carefully.

 The goal of recovery is to put the impacted system back to production in safe manner.  Validate the system ◦ Verify the operation of the system. ◦ Let the business unit test with you

 Usually at off hours timeslots ◦ It is easier to monitor at these times.  The final decision is in the hands if the business team.  Provide your advice but remember it is their call.

 Once the system is back online, continues and deep monitor is required.  Utilize all possible means of monitoring. ◦ You can create a custom signature of the original attack vector  Check operating system and application logs extra carefully.

Documentation and improving operations to prevent the incident to happen again

 The hole point of the lesson learned phase is to Document what happened in the incident,learn from our mistakes and to improve our capabilities.  It is the most Important pahse.

 Develop a report ◦ Try to get consensus  Conduct lessons learned meeting  Send recommendations to management  Follow-up meeting

1. Failure to report and ask for help. 2. Incomplete/non-existent notes 3. Mishandling/Destroying evidence 4. Failure to create a working image 5. Failure to contain or eradicate. 6. Failure to Prevent re-infection 7. Failure to apply the lesson learned

 Steps must be customized for your environment  Every incident is different  Planning is everything  Make things simple with checklists and tested procedures

 Regulatory  Criminal Law  Civil Law ◦ Compensation for damage or loss ◦ Damages  Compensatory  Punitive  Statutory

 AKA Computer Fraud and Abuse Act  Provides for civil and criminal remedies for network misconduct  Criminalizes attacks on computer networks and damage to protected computers

 Computer Security Act of 1987  US Privacy Act of 1974  The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) . The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA)

 Economic Espionage Act of 1996  National Information Infrastructure Protection of 1996  Patriot Act of 2001  Homeland Security Act of 2002

 Warrant should specify computer system (computer and related equipment, mouse keyboard)  Warrant should specify computer’s role in offense (attack tool, storage device)

 Arrest is a legal process to deprive an individual 6of his/her freedom. For an incident handler, this would occur only in the unlikely case that you actually see a crime occurring.  If you don't see it yourself and it isn't urgent, do not deprive a person of their freedom.

If a tractor trailer crossing a bridge was hit by a helicopter, you wouldn't normally expect the real evidence to be brought to the courtroom. Instead, photos, models and drawings are used. Cyber cases happen at the speed of light and there are times when screen shots, network traces, and so forth must be used. Be ready to prove these are the best evidence available.

 Preparation is very important . Know what your job is ◦ You are not law enforcement ◦ You are not a lawyer ◦ Do not take on more than you can handle  Learn from the past and keep improving  your incident handling procedures