© 2001 J. Douglass Klein THE OPENING OF THE CONGRESSIONAL SESSION Tariff Monster: “Here I am again. What are you going to do with me? (Joseph Keppler, Puck, 1887)

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein THE KEEPERS AT THE GATE [McKinley & Monopolies] (1896)

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein Effects of a Tariff

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein Sources of Political Cartoons: The last site has an index of cartoons on all topics, including a large collection on woman suffrage:

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein FOR MONDAY, 2/5 READ: Martineau; Sumner; deToqueville; Gage (Truth) Prepare a response. Imagine that Martineau and deToqueville visited Union College today. What that they said then still applies? What that they said then would they take back? What new things might they say? Be prepared to present your answers on MONDAY. If you want to ask each other (or me) questions, there is a SUFFRAGE discussion board.

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein Condition of Women Harriet Martineau, Society in America, 1837 “American civilisation appears to be of a lower order than might have been expected…” (226) “…indulgence is given her as a substitute for justice.” “The intellect of woman is confined.” (227) “The morals of women are crushed.” (229) “Men are ungentle, tyrannical. They abuse the right of the strongest…. Women are … weak, ignorant, and subservient…” (235)

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein Condition of Women Harriet Martineau, Society in America, 1837 “…governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. How can the political condition of women be reconciled with this? (148) Jefferson and John Mill dismiss women’s rights. Jefferson lumps women with infants and slaves; Mill with fathers and husbands.

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein Employment of Women Helen Sumner, PhD Senate Report, Why do women work in the textile industries? “scarcity of labor supply and the high price of male labor” “it was their [women’s] occupations which were being transferred to the factory, and naturally they followed” “ ’There is in fact no other market for this description of labor; there is no other mode in which … it can be made productive at all.’ ” (51)

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein Employment of Women Employment and Female Employment per 100,000 in the textile industries, All labor Female labor

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein Employment of Women Why was female labor replaced by male labor? Immigration Change in the quality of output, requiring more complex weaving Introduction of new technology: “the operation of some of the modern machines requires the care of men, because it is beyond the physical and nervous capacity of women” (58)

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein De Toqueville on Women in America “Americans … admit that as nature has appointed such wide differences between the physical and moral constitution of man and woman, her manifest design was to give a distinct employment to their various faculties…” (222) “[American women] attach a sort of pride to the voluntary surrender of their own will and make it their boast to bend themselves to the yoke, not to shake it off.” (223)

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein De Toqueville on Women in America “As for myself, I do not hesitate to avow that although the women of the United States are confined within the narrow circle of domestic life, and their situation is in some respects one of extreme dependence, I have nowhere seen women occupying a loftier position…” (225)

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein Mrs. Gilbert Jones on Suffrage “The plea of the Suffragists is for the equality of the sexes… The Anti-Suffragists grant the equality of the sexes. Men are no better than women … But the ‘Anti’ insists that the difference between the sexes shall not be ignored.” (158) “…there is still a chasm between them [the sexes], in spite of the fact that the heights on either side are equally majestic.” (169) “It is clear that in trying to prove the equality of the sexes they [the Suffragists] are encouraging one of the greatest evils society has to deal with in this twentieth century.” (165)

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein B. T. Washington, “Up from Slavery” “No enterprise seeking the material, civil, or moral welfare of this section [the South] can disregard this element of our population and reach the highest success.” (218) “Nearly sixteen millions of hands will aid you in pulling the load upward, or they will pull against you the load downward. We shall constitute one-third and more of the ignorance and crime of the South, or one-third its intelligence and progress; we shall contribute one-third to the business and industrial prosperity of the South, or we shall prove a veritable body of death, stagnating, depressing, retarding every effort to advance the body politic.” (222)

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein B. T. Washington, “Up from Slavery” “In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.” ( ) “The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremest folly, and that progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing.” (223)

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein W.E.B. DuBois Felt that Booker T. Washingtion was, as paraphrased by Dinesh D’Souza, the original Uncle Tom. “DuBois argued that basic legal rights were the indispensable pre-requisite for exercising those virtues [of duty and responsibility], and ‘until we get these rights we will never cease to protest and assail the ears of America.’” (D’Sousa, “Up From Dependency,” Wall Street Journal, 3/25/92)

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein Race Relations At stake are issues of mandated integration vs. segregation. Affirmative action, set-asides, and welfare vs. “judging people on individual achievement rather than race”. (D’Souza) Many of these debates apply to gender issues as well as race.

© 2001 J. Douglass Klein Economics of Discrimination If only some firms discriminate, they pay lower wages, making an opportunity for other firms to gain a competitive advantage by hiring away skilled workers at low cost. If all firms discriminate, then a two-tiered economy evolves with many of the same welfare losses as exist with trade barriers. If each race (or gender) tries to be self-sufficient, all lose the benefits of specialization and trade.