Hazardous Waste Management: a training manual for economically developing countries some sample slides from the 26 chapters

2 The context: All countries generate hazardous waste

3 Per capita waste generation Source: SECRETARIAT OF THE BASEL CONVENTION (data as reported by the parties). World Bank, 1999

4 Non-industrial waste sources motor oils car batteries pesticide residues and containers Surplus paints and solvents Medical wastes Some examples include:

5 Hazardous characteristics: Ignitability Ignitable wastes: can create fires under certain conditions or are spontaneously combustible Examples: Waste oils Used solvents Gasoline Organic cleaning materials Paints Butane spray cans

6 Exposure routes

7 Hazardous waste management system ENFORCEMENT LEGISLATION ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS SUPPORT SERVICES FACILITIES Hazardous waste management system INFRASTRUCTURE ANCILLARY SERVICES SERVICE SECTOR

8 System Components Source: David C Wilson 1981

9 Waste hierarchy Source: David C Wilson 2001

10 Waste management evolution DILUTION TREATMENT RECYCLING REACTIVE CLEANER PRODUCTION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROACTIVE Source: World Bank Technical Paper 93 (1989)

11 How to inform the public? Use a variety of methods as ‘ public ’ is mixed Be clear about objectives Identify audience groups Identify message(s)

12 Objectives of the Basel Convention To protect human health and the environment against adverse effects of hazardous wastes Reduction of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes Minimisation of generation - quantity and degree of hazard Promotion of environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes

13 The production process Waste prevention Cleaner Production Source: based on a diagram by David Newby ERM

14 Tools for waste prevention and Cleaner Production Economic instruments Environmental Management Systems eg ISO , ISO Life cycle assessment (LCA) Auditing Environmental impact assessment Technology assessment eg EnTA Eco-labels Product design initiatives

15 Source reduction opportunities Source reduction Housekeeping improvement Product reformulation Input material alteration Technology alteration

16 Waste audit - key steps 6 main steps: identify plant operations define process inputs define process outputs assess material balance identify opportunities conduct feasibility study

17 Components of Legislation Generator Recycling DisposalTreatment Storage Transport Responsibilities Controls

18 Labelling Dangerous when wet Oxidising agent Flammable solid Spontaneously combustible

19 Waste exchange Types of waste exchange Information clearinghouse or material broker Waste generator User Information on wastes available Information on wastes wanted Information on wastes available

20 Recycling technologies Recycling Technology Waste Type Activated-carbon Absorption Distillation Steam Distillation Electrolytic Recovery Ion Exchange Hydrometallurgical Concentration Membrane Separation Evaporation Freeze-Crystallisation                  1 - Corrosive wastes 2 - Cyanide containing wastes 3 - Halogenated solvents 4 - Non-halogenated solvents 5 - Other organic wastes 6 - Oil-containing wastes 7 - Metal containing wastes 8 - Organic containing wastes 9 - Reactive wastes

21 Physico-chemical treatment Source: David Newby

22 Physical treatment - example of application Filtration - Belt filter

23 Examples of technology: Rotary kiln incinerator

24 Completed landfill - cross section