Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 12 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Structure and Function External respiration, or ventilation, brings oxygen into the lungs Internal respiration exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells Cellular respiration changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 12-2 Mechanics of Breathing
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Following the Inhalation Process Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth Air from the nose or mouth is then funneled through the throat and into the trachea The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi Each bronchus enters one of the lungs and then branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles The bronchioles have small sacs at their ends called alveoli Capillaries in the walls of the alveoli exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide by the process of diffusion
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Assessment Techniques Rate –The normal rate of respiration varies with age, gender, posture, exercise, temperature, and other factors Character –Respirations should have a regular rhythm, occurring at regular intervals Sounds –Breath sounds can be heard by using a stethoscope
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Assessment Techniques (continued) Lung volume –The amount of air that can be brought into the lungs is called respiratory capacity Blood gases –Studies measure how much oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are in the blood, the blood's pH and other gases
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 12-3 Respiratory Capacity
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disorders of the Respiratory System Anthrax –Caused by spores of the bacterium Asthma attack –May result from exposure to an allergen, cold temperature, exercise, or emotion Atelectasis –A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Bronchitis –An infection of the bronchi Carbon monoxide poisoning –Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease –A group of chronic respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Cold –A respiratory infection Cystic fibrosis –A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands Emphysema –The alveoli lose elasticity and become dilated and do not exchange gases well
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Hantavirus –A respiratory condition spread by breathing in materials contaminated by urine or saliva of infected rodents such as deer mice and chipmunks Hay fever –A respiratory inflammation caused by allergens such as plants, dust, and food Lung cancer –Directly linked to smoking and smoke products
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Pleural effusion –A condition in which air or fluid enters the pleural cavity Pleurisy –An inflammation of the membranes that line the lungs Pneumonia –An inflammation of the lungs, in which a buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Pneumoconiosis –An inflammation in the lungs caused by inhaled irritants Respiratory acidosis –A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, causing a lowered blood pH Respiratory alkalosis –A deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Respiratory distress syndrome – A condition that occurs when the alveoli do not inflate properly Sinusitis –An inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) –A respiratory disorder of newborns
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued) Tuberculosis –Caused by bacteria that are difficult to destroy, and it can be transmitted through the air Upper respiratory infection –Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose, pharynx, or larynx
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Issues and Innovations Tobacco issues – Secondhand smoke – “Smokeless” tobacco – Heart disease and cancer Environmental health risks – Sick building syndrome – Asbestos – Berylliosis – Black lung disease