Flying Further Than Any Other Aircraft in History Aircraft Performance Flying Further Than Any Other Aircraft in History 26,389.3 miles Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By the Pilots of the University of Notre Dame “Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Roadmap POH Density Altitude Takeoff Distance Cruise Performance, Power & Fuel Burn Landing Distance Crosswinds

Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH) Also known as Approved Flight Manual (AFM) Organized into Sections General Limitations Emergency Procedures Normal Procedures Performance Weight & Balance Airplane & Systems Description Handling, Service, & Maintenance Supplements

Frequent Terms Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW) Maneuvering Speed Maximum gross weight at which the airplane is permitted to takeoff Maneuvering Speed Maximum speed for maneuvers at which full application of the primary flight controls cannot overstress the airframe

Maneuvering Speed VA = 113 kts

Density Altitude Revisited Density Altitude is pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature Varies directly with temperature and humidity Varies indirectly with pressure It is a number which tells you what the airplane (wings and engine) feels

Density Altitude

Density Altitude Chart

Takeoff Distance Two Varieties Factors Ground Roll Distance to Clear 50 ft obstacle Also known as Takeoff Distance Distance for aircraft to clear a 50-foot obstacle after a standing start at maximum takeoff power Factors ↑ Weight = ↑ Distance (and speed) ↑ Air Density = ↓ Distance ↑ Headwind = ↓ Distance ↑ Slope = ↑ Ground Roll ↑ Flaps = ↓ Ground Roll ↑ Friction = ↑ Ground Roll

Cessna 172R Takeoff Distance

0 deg Takeoff Perf

25 deg Takeoff Perf

Climb Performance Vx=Best Angle of Climb VY=Best Rate of Climb Gain maximum altitude in shortest distance VY=Best Rate of Climb Gain maximum altitude in shortest time Cruise Climb

Cessna 172R Climb Performance

Cruise Flight An airplane is more efficient at altitude Wings Engines Weather is generally confined to the troposphere so you can fly over it Higher gives more options in case of emergencies Reserves Day VFR: 30 minutes at normal cruising speed Night VFR: 45 minutes at normal cruising speed

Cessna 172R Cruise Performance

Cessna 172R Cruise Performance

Engine Performance

Performance Cruise VG = VL/D = 65 kts

Economy Cruise VS = 55 kts

Endurance Graph

Landing Distances Two Varieties Factors Ground Roll Distance over a 50 foot obstacle Also known as Takeoff Distance Distance for aircraft to clear a 50-foot obstacle after a standing start at maximum takeoff power Factors ↑ Weight = ↑ Distance (and speed) ↑ Air Density = ↓ Distance ↑ Headwind = ↓ Distance ↑ Slope = ↓ Ground Roll ↑ Flaps = ↓ Distance ↑ Friction = ↓ Ground Roll Maximum performance landings are always accomplished with full flaps Stiff crosswinds sometimes dictate the use of partial flaps

Cessna 172R Landing Distance

40 deg Landing Perf

Boeing 727 Landing Distance

Crosswinds Maximum Demonstrated Crosswind Component is the maximum crosswind that existed during FAA certification Often is not close to real maximum capability of aircraft Weak link is generally lack of rudder authority (not enough deflection) Often VX-Wind = 0.3 VS0

Crosswind Chart 30 knot wind, 30 deg off of the nose = 26 knot headwind = 15 knot crosswind