Define the terms as follows. Microbiology Pure Culture 中心法则 Microorganisms are thought to have been living on the earth for 2.3~4.7 billion years. Koch’s postulates Winogradsky column Pasteur’s experiment with the swan-necked flask Antony Van Leeuwenhock Average bacteria µm in diameter G+C% 。 营养型，在什么自然环境中最容易被分离到。 Anabolism Metabolic Pathways of Energy Use

O CC CC Base H H or OH HH H H CH 2 OP OH O HO Sugar: RNA – ribose (OH) DNA – deoxyribose (H) Macromolecules Nucleoside: base + sugar Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine Remember that carbon in sugar is numbered in sequence!!! How they are numbered?

2.3 Bacterial Structures

AACGTCGAAA (Organism A) AACCTCGAAA (Organism B) AGGCTAGAAA (Organism C) AGGCTAGTAA (Organism D)

Winogradsky column The mud become stratified with different colors and looks beautiful (right-handed figure)! The different types of microorganism proliferate and occupy distinct zones where the environmental conditions favour their specific activities.

Winogradsky column The Winogradsky column is a simple laboratory demonstration - illustrates how different microorganisms perform their interdependent roles: the activities of one organism enable another to grow, and vice-versa. These columns are complete, self-contained recycling systems, driven only by energy from light!

culture Continuous cultures : Media flow Out flow Cells in continuous culture vassal can be kept at log phase.

Dilution Plates 1 ml Statistically relevant colony density: Technique largely used for isolation or water testing, such as coliform test. 9 ml

N 0 is the number of cells at time zero. N t is the number of cells at time t. n is the generations G is the time needed to complete one generation. Assume that cells are at the exponential growth stage. Then we can calculate cell numbers at ant time of the stage.

Growth stage in a batch culture stationary time Log(N) lag log inoculate decline

Nutritional Requirements 1. Photolithotrophic autotrophsphotolithoautotroph ( 光能自养 ) Light Inorganic H+ source CO2 carbon source 2. Photoorganotrophic heterotrophsphotoorganoheterotroph ( 光能异养 ) Light energy Organic H+ source Organic carbon source 3. Chemolithotrophic autotrophschemolithoautotroph ( 化能自养 ) Chemical energy source Inorganic H+ source CO2 Carbon source 4. Chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs chemoorganoheterotroph ( 化能异养 ) Chemical energy source Organic H+ source Organic carbon source

Energy Production ATP （三磷酸腺苷） 腺嘌呤 核糖

Yield of ATP in Glycolysis & Aerobic Respiration

Glycolytic Pathway( 糖酵解途径 ) Substrate-level phosphorylation (ATP)2 ATP Oxidative phosphorylation w/ 2 NADH6 ATP 2 Pyruvate to 2 Acetyl CoA( 丙酮酸到乙酰辅酶 A) Oxidative phosphorylation w/2 NADH6 ATP Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle( 三羧酸循环 ) Substrate-level phosphorylation (GTP)2 ATP Oxidative phosphorylation w/ 6 NADH 18 ATP Oxidative phosphorylation w/ 2 FADH 2 4 ATP Total 38 ATP