In Search of Green Knowledge: A Cognitive Approach to Sustainable Development Andrew Jamison

Here’s where it started

...and here’s where I moved

and this is what I think I have done ever since, also known as Change oriented research, also known as advocacy, or partisan research advocacy, or partisan research technology assessment and/or cultural assessment technology assessment and/or cultural assessment action, or action-oriented research action, or action-oriented research participatory, or dialogic research participatory, or dialogic research and, when it really has worked: collective learning and, when it really has worked: collective learning

Change-Oriented Research Problem-driven, rather then disciplinary driven Problem-driven, rather then disciplinary driven Intervention in ongoing process Intervention in ongoing process Reflective, rather than explanatory ambition Reflective, rather than explanatory ambition Narrative form of presentation, ”telling stories” Narrative form of presentation, ”telling stories” Participatory, dialogue methods (e.g. focus groups) Participatory, dialogue methods (e.g. focus groups) Engagement, or involvement in what is studied Engagement, or involvement in what is studied

A Renewal of Phronesis Aristotle’s third form of knowledge Aristotle’s third form of knowledge beyond theoretical (episteme) and practical (techne) beyond theoretical (episteme) and practical (techne) a kind of ethical reason, or self-knowledge a kind of ethical reason, or self-knowledge competence in making judgments, in knowing what to do competence in making judgments, in knowing what to do knowledge always situated or localized knowledge always situated or localized

Roots in Pragmatism American theory of knowledge American theory of knowledge founded by Peirce, James, Dewey founded by Peirce, James, Dewey a part of the ”progressive” movement a part of the ”progressive” movement truth based in practice (justification) truth based in practice (justification) science as problem solving (discovery) science as problem solving (discovery)

and Action Research outgrowth of ”old” social movements outgrowth of ”old” social movements related to urban reform and labor struggles related to urban reform and labor struggles neighborhood, or factory focus neighborhood, or factory focus science as a form of social advocacy science as a form of social advocacy ”making visible” and ”giving voice” ”making visible” and ”giving voice”

and Technology Assessment outgrowth of student revolts and nuclear energy debates outgrowth of student revolts and nuclear energy debates focus on social and environmental consequences of technology focus on social and environmental consequences of technology citizen-expert communication, or ”communicative rationality” (Habermas) citizen-expert communication, or ”communicative rationality” (Habermas) consensus conference model consensus conference model

and Participatory Rural Appraisal a form of development research a form of development research focus on competence building focus on competence building emphasis on popular participation emphasis on popular participation ”conscientization” (Friere) ”conscientization” (Friere) ”putting people first” (Chambers) ”putting people first” (Chambers)

A Cognitive Approach Focus on knowledge in the making Process, or practice orientation Comparative, or contextual ambition Dialectical method, identification of tensions

The Concept of Cognitive Praxis connecting ideas and action, theory and practice articulation of knowledge interests movements as temporary collective learning sites hybrid forms of agency: ”movement intellectuals”

Dimensions of cognitive praxis The cosmological dimension: world-view assumptions, shared visions or values The technological dimension: practical activities, forms of action and technical work The organizational dimension: situational context, spaces of interaction and communication

The Cognitive Praxis of Environmental Movements Cosmological dimension: systemic holism, ”limits to growth” Technical dimension: appropriateness, ”small is beautiful” Organizational dimension: collective learning sites, ”citizen science”

Phases of Environmentalism Phases of Environmentalism 1. awakeningprimarily local protests against pollution pre-1968 pre ”age of ecology”national organizational development politicization social movements in relation to energy policy differentiationprofessionalization and party politics internationalization global orientation – network and alliance-building IntegrationAgenda 21, sustainable development

Environmental Cognitive Praxis Type of Environmentalism Community Local campaigns Social ecology Professional Mainstream organizations Political ecology Militant Radical groups Deep ecology Personal New age artists Green consumers Knowledge forms Factual Lay Legal Expert Rhetorical Ideological Spiritual Citizen Knowledge interest Empowerment Public participation Enlightenment Policy deliberation Political protest Resistance Authenticity Identity

Changing Regimes of Knowledge and Power Industrial MilitaryCommercial “Little Science” “Big Science” “Technoscience” Before WWII 1940s-1970s 1980s- Type of Knowledge disciplinary multidisciplinarytransdisciplinary Organiza- individuals or R&D departments ad hoc projects and tional form research groups and institutes networks Dominant values academic bureaucratic entrepreneurial

The Broader Context: Living in An Age of Technoscience blurring discursive boundaries blurring discursive boundaries between science (episteme) and technology (techne) between science (episteme) and technology (techne) breaking down institutional borders breaking down institutional borders between public and private, economic and academic between public and private, economic and academic mixing skills and knowledge mixing skills and knowledge across disciplines and societal domains across disciplines and societal domains

From Science to Technoscience change in range and scope: a plurality of sciences change in range and scope: a plurality of sciences market orientation, global reach market orientation, global reach university-industry collaboration university-industry collaboration the strategic state: foresight or “picking the winners” the strategic state: foresight or “picking the winners”

Trandisciplinarity, or ”Mode 2” ”Knowledge which emerges from a particular context of application with its own distinct theoretical structures, research methods and modes of practice but which may not be locatable on the prevailing disciplinary map.” Michael Gibbons et al, The New Production of Knowledge. Sage: 1994, p168

Cognitive Differences Mode 1Mode 2 cumulativediscontinuous unifiedpluralist universalspecific cooperativecompetitive objectiveconstructive paradigmaticsituated

From Science to Research from doing experiments to doing business from doing experiments to doing business product-oriented, or commercial research product-oriented, or commercial research from providing expertise to governing from providing expertise to governing project-oriented, or governance research project-oriented, or governance research from enlightening to empowering from enlightening to empowering problem-oriented, or advocacy research problem-oriented, or advocacy research

Contending Discourses commercial research: hubris goes to market commercial research: hubris goes to market - globalization, competitiveness, innovation governance research: controlling hubris governance research: controlling hubris - welfare, employment, equality, construction advocacy research: the hybrid imagination advocacy research: the hybrid imagination global justice, scientific citizenship, sustainability global justice, scientific citizenship, sustainability

Contending Institutions commercial research commercial research - innovation networks, patent systems, markets governance research governance research - state agencies, regulations, policies, laws advocacy research advocacy research - civic organizations, public education, assessment

Contending Identities commercial research commercial research - academic entrepeneurs, market researchers governance research governance research - expert consultants, policy researchers advocacy research advocacy research - activist academics, action researchers

Environmental Science, ala Mode 1 Disciplinary identity: Disciplinary identity: specialized subfields of biology and engineering Academic theories: Academic theories: mostly about non-human ”nature” Administrative applications: Administrative applications: primarily related to state and municipal authorities

Environmental Science, ala Mode 2 hybrid competencies: mixing of skills, theories, and politics concepts of connectivity: systems, organizations, networks, participation processes of mediation: between experts and citizens, North and South

Cultural Forms of Green Knowledge Residual Dominant Emerging Key sites local/national global hybrid networks Forms of action popular commercial exemplary resistance facilitation mobilization Form of knowledge factual/lay managerial situated Sources traditions, professional experience, of knowledge disciplines expertise examples

The Hybrid Imagination At the discursive level At the discursive level making connnections, integrating ideas making connnections, integrating ideas At the institutional level At the institutional level creating contexts of mediation, hybrid forums creating contexts of mediation, hybrid forums At the practical/personal level At the practical/personal level fostering hybrid competencies and identities fostering hybrid competencies and identities

Inter- or transdisciplinarity? Interdisciplinarity Transdisciplinarity integration of disciplines transcendence of disciplines (internal) problem-driven (external) project-driven ”bottom-up”, self-organized ”top-down”, formalized a dialogical rationality an instrumental rationality

Types of Interdisciplinarity Collaboration Collaboration synthetic integration synthetic integration a sharing of experience and identity a sharing of experience and identity Cooperation Cooperation multidisciplinary teamwork multidisciplinary teamwork a process of collective learning a process of collective learning

Types of Transdisciplinarity Nondisciplinarity, or niche-seeking Nondisciplinarity, or niche-seeking a conceptual competence a conceptual competence theory, or technique-based identity theory, or technique-based identity Subdisciplinarity, or specialization Subdisciplinarity, or specialization a methodological competence a methodological competence topic, or area-based identity topic, or area-based identity

For example: STS Science, Technology and Society Science, Technology and Society interdisciplinary education and research interdisciplinary education and research bridging the ”two cultures” gap bridging the ”two cultures” gap Science and Technology Studies Science and Technology Studies transdisciplinary and heterogeneous field transdisciplinary and heterogeneous field related to growth of EU research programs related to growth of EU research programs

Science, Technology and Society Collaboration Collaboration finalization, science dynamics, SCOT finalization, science dynamics, SCOT technology assessment, science shops technology assessment, science shops Cooperation Cooperation European Association for the Study of Science and Technology (EASST) European Association for the Study of Science and Technology (EASST) educational exchanges and PhD networks educational exchanges and PhD networks

Science and Technology Studies Nondisciplinarity, or niche-seeking Nondisciplinarity, or niche-seeking sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) actor-network theory, technology foresight actor-network theory, technology foresight Subdisciplinarity, or sectorial specialization Subdisciplinarity, or sectorial specialization science and technology policy science and technology policy innovation studies, knowledge management innovation studies, knowledge management

For example: Environmental Studies Environmental Science(s) Environmental Science(s) interdisciplinary centers and departments interdisciplinary centers and departments internally-driven and often academic-oriented internally-driven and often academic-oriented Environmental Management Environmental Management ”add-on” masters and doctoral programs ”add-on” masters and doctoral programs externally-driven and often market-oriented externally-driven and often market-oriented

Interdisciplinary Environmental Sciences Collaboration Collaboration human ecology, social ecology human ecology, social ecology sustainability science, ecological economics sustainability science, ecological economics Cooperation Cooperation IBP, IPCC and other international programs IBP, IPCC and other international programs environmental science departments environmental science departments

Transdisciplinary Environmental Management Nondisciplinarity Nondisciplinarity Urban sustainable development Urban sustainable development Eco-efficiency, life cycle analysis Eco-efficiency, life cycle analysis Subdisciplinarity Subdisciplinarity Environmental chemistry, history Environmental chemistry, history Energy planning, sociology of risk Energy planning, sociology of risk

The Bauhaus... vs The Matrix "art and technology – a new unity” The technification of culture