Evaluation of Selenium in Bison and Their Environment Stacy Sabin, Kevin Sedivec, Chris Schauer, and Joel Caton North Dakota State University Ruth Short Bull, Lisa Colombe, and Linda Hugelen Fort Berthold Community College, Sinte Gleska University, and Sitting Bull College

Human health Human health Acts as an antioxidant Acts as an antioxidant Cancer, Arthritis, Heart disease Cancer, Arthritis, Heart disease Immune system Immune system Controlling viral emergence and evolution Controlling viral emergence and evolution Optimize cellular and humoral immune processes Optimize cellular and humoral immune processes Toxicity and Deficiency Toxicity and Deficiency Selenosis, Keshan disease, Kaschin-Beck disease Selenosis, Keshan disease, Kaschin-Beck disease Importance of Se

Bison Spiritual animal associated with Native Americans Spiritual animal associated with Native Americans Many Tribes in the Northern Great Plains raise Bison Many Tribes in the Northern Great Plains raise Bison

Importance of Bison as a Meat Source and Saleable Product Bison meat is fed to Citizens on Tribal Lands Bison meat is fed to Citizens on Tribal Lands Bison meat is sold in Markets Bison meat is sold in Markets Bison meat is part of the US Gov’t program in the school lunch menu in Tribal schools Bison meat is part of the US Gov’t program in the school lunch menu in Tribal schools

Marketing High Selenium Bison An interest among Tribal Leaders and Local Colleges to Market a High Selenium Bison product as a NICHE market An interest among Tribal Leaders and Local Colleges to Market a High Selenium Bison product as a NICHE market

Supplying Power of Soil Se content of parent material Se content of parent material Form Form pH pH Oxidation-reduction conditions Oxidation-reduction conditions Moisture level Moisture level Competitive ions Competitive ions Soil texture Soil texture Organic matter Organic matter Degree of aeration Degree of aeration

Accumulating Power of Plant Species Species Environmental factors Environmental factors Growth phase Growth phase Physiological condition of plant Physiological condition of plant

(Unpublished data, Franzen 2004) Se Levels in ND (ppb)

(Unpublished data, Franzen 2004) Se Levels in ND (ppb)

Marine Shales in SD Se Potential in SD

Objectives Determine correlations between Se concentration in soil, vegetation, and bison plasma and hair Determine correlations between Se concentration in soil, vegetation, and bison plasma and hair Determine Tribal lands with high selenium concentrations Determine Tribal lands with high selenium concentrations

Study Area Three Locations Three Locations Fort Berthold Fort Berthold NWND1 NWND1 NWND2 NWND2 Standing Rock Standing Rock SCND SCND NCSD NCSD Rosebud Rosebud SCSD SCSD

Study Area Ecological Sites Ecological Sites Claypan Claypan Loamy (Silty) Loamy (Silty) Sandy Sandy Shallow Shallow Thin Upland Thin Upland

Vegetation types Vegetation types Wheatgrass-needlegrass Wheatgrass-grama grass Study Area

Materials & Methods Vegetation Vegetation Six sites per location (Block) Six sites per location (Block) Five samples taken per site Five samples taken per site Graminoids, forbs, and selenium indicator species Graminoids, forbs, and selenium indicator species Collected twice; July and Sept/Oct Collected twice; July and Sept/Oct Not a second collection for SCSD Not a second collection for SCSD

Materials & Methods Soils Soils Six sites per location (Block) Six sites per location (Block) Five samples taken per site Five samples taken per site 0 to 15 cm core and 15 to 30 cm core 0 to 15 cm core and 15 to 30 cm core Collected once in July Collected once in July

Materials & Methods Blood Blood 12 mature female bison/herd 12 mature female bison/herd Two 10 ml Vaccutainer® EDTA coated tubes Two 10 ml Vaccutainer® EDTA coated tubes Centrifuged, decanted plasma, stored (-70º C) Centrifuged, decanted plasma, stored (-70º C) NWND1-Sept; NWND2-June/Sept; NCSD & SCND-Oct; SCSD-NA NWND1-Sept; NWND2-June/Sept; NCSD & SCND-Oct; SCSD-NA

Materials & Methods Hair Hair 12 mature female bison/herd 12 mature female bison/herd Clipped hair down right or left side of the rump Clipped hair down right or left side of the rump Cleaned with acetone and deionized distilled water, then dried Cleaned with acetone and deionized distilled water, then dried NWND1-Sept; NWND2-June/Sept; NCSD & SCND-Oct; SCSD-NA NWND1-Sept; NWND2-June/Sept; NCSD & SCND-Oct; SCSD-NA

Results and Discussion

Se (total) in Soils Soils Soils Range between 0.1 and 2 ppm (Swaine, 1955) Range between 0.1 and 2 ppm (Swaine, 1955) 8 ppm East Williams County, ND (Byers et al., 1948) 8 ppm East Williams County, ND (Byers et al., 1948) 0.84 a 0.14 b b 0.06 ab (Hintze,1999) Se in ppm, ND

Selenium Content (soluble) by Ecological Site in to 15 cm soil depth (ppb) (NS)

Selenium Content (soluble) by Ecological Site in to 30 cm soil depth (ppb) (NS)

Soluble Selenium Content (ppb) by Soil Depth (0 to 15 cm) in North and South Dakota in 2003 ababaa (P < 0.05)

Soluble Selenium Content (ppb) by Soil Depth (15 to 30 cm) in North and South Dakota in 2003 ab ab (P < 0.05)

Se in Vegetation (individual plants) U.S. & Canada (Trelease & Beath, 1949) Plant containing 50 to 500 ppm of Se Plant containing > 500 ppm of Se

Se in Vegetation (Hintze 1999) 0.85 a 0.40 ab 0.20 ab 0.48 ab 0.17 b Se in ppm, ND

Se in Vegetation Farms with Se Toxicity, SD (Moxon, 1937)

Main effects and Interaction of Se in Vegetation in 2003 Species*Eco Site*Locationp= Species*Eco Site*Locationp= Eco Site*Locationp= Eco Site*Locationp= Species*Locationp= Species*Locationp= Eco Sitep= Eco Sitep= Locationp= Locationp= Plant Typesp= Plant Typesp= Sites (replication)p= Sites (replication)p=0.1208

Selenium concentration (ppm) of Selected Plant Types (DM) in 2003 b a b (P < 0.1)

Selenium concentration (ppm) of Forages (DM) by Study Location in 2003 a b bc (P < 0.1) bc c

Se Concentration (ppm) in Vegetation (DM) in 2004 (Sabin 2004)

Se concentration (ppm) in Vegetation (Hintze 1999, Sabin 2004)

Bison Hair

Selenium (ppm) of Bison Hair (DM) by Location in 2003 a b ab b

Selenium content of Blood and Meat in BISON

Implications Correlations found between bison plasma & hair, vegetation, and soil could be used to test other areas for high selenium Correlations found between bison plasma & hair, vegetation, and soil could be used to test other areas for high selenium If any of these areas are found to have high selenium bison, there is the possibility of marketing the product for human health benefits If any of these areas are found to have high selenium bison, there is the possibility of marketing the product for human health benefits