Materials and Methods

Number of monitoring sites and area types overall Egypt TotalSinai Upper Egypt Delta and Canal Alex.CairoArea type Industrial 94311Urban Residential 33Street/road 3111 Regional/back r Mixed areas Total

Instruments and measurements techniques used in the air quality monitoring network O3O3 COPM 10 NO/NO 2 SO 2 Pollutants ( µ g/m 3 ) (mg/m 3 ) ( µ g/m 3 ) Concentration Units UV- Photometric Absorption Gas Filter correlation (Infrared Absorption) Tapered Filter element oscillating mocrobalance Chemiluminescence Pulsed UV- Flourescens Measurement technique TEI M49 CTEI M 48 C Beta gauge Ambient particulate monitor Thermo Environmental (TEI) M 42 C Thermo Environmental (TEI) M 43 C Instrument type

Air Quality Monitoring Network A full description of the selected monitoring sites (8 sites) used in the study Shoubra El Kheima Area description Highly industrial, very polluted, several small smelters and various industries. Local Sources Lead smelters to the west, north and east of the school, within a few hundred meters. Representativity Very polluted industrial area. Data show the impact of industries on the building. Paramters measuredSO 2, NO 2, TSP, PM10

Abbassyia site Description Regional residential area normally up-wind from Cairo city center, but down-wind from the Shoubra industrial area and Shoubra urban area. Local Sources: No immediate local sources, but regionally exposed. Representativity: Regional urban area. Paramters measuredSO 2, NO 2, O 3 and Meteorology Measurement

Qulaly site Area description: Urban center with dense traffic on the street coming from shoubra and crossing streets into Al Qulaly and to Ramses Station. Local Sources: The area is expected to be highly polluted from traffic in the main railway station area of Cairo. There are small industries north of the site and the whole Shoubra area is located upwind in prevailing wind direction. Representativity: urban central part of Cairo. Paramters measuredSO 2, NO 2, PM10, TSP, and VOC.Measurement

El Gomhoria site description Description: Street canyon in urban area with heavy traffic. Local Sources: Mainly traffic in the general area and around Ramses square (about 300m from the site). Heavy traffic on Gomhoryia street just under the sampler intake. Representativity: Representative for street canyons in central Cairo. Paramters measured SO 2, NO 2, CO, PM10

Fum El Khalig site description Description: Urban center roadside monitoring station with dense traffic on the streets on both sides of the site. Local Sources: The area is expected to be highly polluted from traffic Representativity: Representative for the urban central part of Cairo and specifically near two main roads. Paramters measured SO 2, NO 2, CO

Maadi Site description Description: Residential Local Sources: Mainly Traffic and general activities of people. Representativity: Typical for western Maadi area, near street surrounded by tall trees (slightly more traffic impacted than inside residential Maadi). Paramters measured SO 2, NO 2

Tabbin Site description Area description: Industrial, polluted from several cement factories and others north of the site, and smelters and chemical industries to the south. Local Sources Smelters, steel and iron factories, coke factory within 1 Km to the south, cement factories in the sector north-west to north-east. Representativity: Very polluted industrial area. Data is showing the impact of industries on the building. Paramters measuredSO 2, NO 2, TSP, PM10 dustfall and meteorology Measurement.

10th of Ramadan site description Area description: Some smaller industries 1-km to the north (upwind). Some industries to the west, but the major industries park is located to the south and south east; 2-3 km away. Not expected to be a polluted area. Representativity: Residential area. Paramters measured: SO2, NO2 and PM10 and dustfall. 10 Ramadan station

Dispersion Model Description POLAIR The POLAIR modeling has the fuctionality to simulate the atmospheric dispersion of gaseous polluting agents and fine particles from diverse sources. With the help of mathematical equations, POLAIR can help study the impact of emissions in zones subject to atmospheric pollution. The results are easily interpreted with graphical views depicitng color graded graphs.

Input, output and validation of dispersion model

Plume’s superelevation models Three models are availble to estimate the concentration by dispersion modeling The U.S. Environmental protection Agency (EPA)’s superelevation model; Holland’s superelevation model; Communauté Urbaine de Montréal’s (CUM) regulatory superelevation model. For the majority of study case scenarios, it is highly recommended to use the regulatory EPA model. It takes into account each of the varaibles for the plume’s superelevation and better represents reality.

Plume’s atmospheric dispersion model Gaussian model and associated parameters The Gaussian model is the most used in the world to study dispersion phenomena. This model estimates the pollutants’s concentration in spatial points while taking into account the following factors: the emission’s characteristics, the receiving environment and the meteorolgical conditions.

Interface and menus

Compound under study POLAIR model offers a database on physical, chemical and toxicological properties. The avaiable information is as follows: Name of chemical compound; Chemical formula; Molecular weight; Terminal velocity (can be used at 0m/s as the majority of gases have a density similar to air. This is not the case for particles and heavy metals); Thershold of smell preception; Inferior limits for explosion and flammability; Toxcity threshold; Concentrations profile.

Types of simulation Simulation results can be shown in results in several types of data presentations. The types of simulation can be seen in the results are as follows: With maxima –First hourly maximum; –Second hourly maximum; –Mean concentration on 2h, 4h, 8h and 24 hours. Perecentages of threstholds; Hourly arithmetic mean concentration.

Simulation with threshold overshoot The simulation with threshold overshoot indicate in percentage, the proportions of calculated values that have exceeded the set threshold of concentration. In accordance to the receiving point. The threshold was set according to the maximum permissible values in indicated in the Egyptain Environmental law no. 4/1994.

Passive and hand held samplers Passive samplers have been used for Model verfication along different distances (200m – 2000 m) for some of the monitoring sites (Tabbin- Maadi –Qualaly and Abassyia). Passive samplers is used for surveillance of time integrated SO 2 and NO2 concentration distributions. They have been analyzed in the laboratory after exposure in the field for typically one week.

Results and Discussion

POLAIR dispersion model performance results for SO 2 concentrations prediction using national monitoring stations network in Greater Cairo during 2004 Correlation coefficient, r 2 Fractional error % Normalized mean error % Mean error ( µ g/m 3 ) Ratio of means Calc/Obs Mean Observed ( µ g/m 3 ) Mean Calculated ( µ g/m 3 ) No. of OBS. Monitoring sites Shoubra Abassyia Qualaly Gomohria Maadi th of Ramadan

Distribution of annual mean SO 2 concentrations in µg/m 3 calculated with POLAIR dispersion model using (2004) SO 2 concentrations from the national monitoring network at Abassyia site

Distribution of SO 2 concentrations over shooting (150 µg/m 3 per 24 hours) calculated with POLAIR dispersion model using (2004) SO 2 concentrations from the national monitoring network at Abassyia site

Distribution of SO 2 concentrations over shooting (150 µg/m 3 per 24 hours) calculated with POLAIR dispersion model using (2004) SO 2 concentrations from the national monitoring network at Qualaly site

Annual mean SO 2 : observations versus predictions at some monitoring sites in Greater Cairo during 2004