Essentials of Security Steve Lamb Technical Security Advisor

Session Prerequisites Hands-on experience installing, configuring, administering, and planning the deployment of Windows 2000 Server or Windows Server 2003 Knowledge of Active Directory and Group Policy concepts Level 200

Business Case Security Risk Management Discipline Defense in Depth Security Incident Response Best Practices 10 Immutable Laws of Security

Impact of Security Breaches Loss of Revenue Damage to Reputation Loss or Compromise of Data Damage to Investor Confidence Legal Consequences Interruption of Business Processes Damage to Customer Confidence

The cost of implementing security measures is not trivial; however, it is a fraction of the cost of mitigating security compromises The cost of implementing security measures is not trivial; however, it is a fraction of the cost of mitigating security compromises

Benefits of Investing in Security Reduced downtime and costs associated with non-availability of systems and applications Reduced labor costs associated with inefficient security update deployment Reduced data loss due to viruses or information security breaches Increased protection of intellectual property

Security Risk Management Discipline Business Case Security Risk Management Discipline Defense in Depth Security Incident Response Best Practices 10 Immutable Laws of Security

Security Risk Management Discipline (SRMD) Processes Assessment Assess and valuate assets Identify security risks and threats Analyze and prioritize security risks Security risk tracking, planning, and scheduling Development and Implementation Develop security remediation Test security remediation Capture security knowledge Operation Reassess assets and security risks Stabilize and deploy new or changed countermeasures

Assessment: Assess and Valuate Assets Asset Priorities (Scale of 1 to 10) – Example * * For example purposes only – not prescriptive guidance

Types of threats Examples S Spoofing Forge messages Replay authentication packets T Tampering Alter data during transmission Change data in files R Repudiation Delete a critical file and deny it Purchase a product and later deny it I Information disclosure Expose information in error messages Expose code on Web sites D Denial of service Flood a network with SYN packets Flood a network with forged ICMP packets E Elevation of privilege Exploit buffer overruns to gain system privileges Obtain administrator privileges illegitimately Assessment: Identify Security Risks and Threats – STRIDE

Assessment: Analyze and Prioritize Security Risks – DREAD DREAD Damage Reproducibility Exploitability Affected Users Discoverability Risk Exposure = Asset Priority x Threat Rank Example Worksheet

Assessment: Security Risk Tracking, Planning, and Scheduling Types of threats Examples Spoofing Forge messages Replay authentication packets Tampering Alter data during transmission Change data in files Repudiation Delete a critical file and deny it Purchase a product and later deny it Information disclosure Expose information in error messages Expose code on Web sites Denial of service Flood a network with SYN packets Flood a network with forged ICMP packets Elevation of privilege Exploit buffer overruns to gain system privileges Obtain administrator privileges illegitimately Detailed Security Action Plans Example Worksheets

Development and Implementation Configuration management Patch management System monitoring System auditing Operational policies Operational procedures Detailed Security Action Plans Testing Lab Knowledge Documented for Future Use Security Remediation Strategy Production Environment Production Environment

Operation: Reassess Assets and Security Risks New Web Site Internet Services Reassess risks when there is a significant change in assets, operation, or structure Assess risks continually Testing Lab Documented Knowledge Production Environment

Operation: Stabilize and Deploy New or Changed Countermeasures System Administration Team System Administration Team New or Changed Countermeasures New or Changed Countermeasures Network Administration Team Network Administration Team Security Administration Team Security Administration Team Production Environment Production Environment

Defense in Depth Business Case Security Risk Management Discipline Defense in Depth Security Incident Response Best Practices 10 Immutable Laws of Security

The Defense-in-Depth Model Using a layered approach: Using a layered approach: Increases an attacker’s risk of detection Reduces an attacker’s chance of success OS hardening, authentication, patch management, HIDS Firewalls, Network Access Quarantine Control Guards, locks, tracking devices Network segments, IPSec, NIDS Application hardening, antivirus ACLs, encryption, EFS Security documents, user education Policies, Procedures, & Awareness Physical Security Perimeter Internal Network Host Application Data

Description of the Policies, Procedures, and Awareness Layer I think I will use my first name as a password. Hey, I need to configure a firewall. Which ports should I block? I think I will wedge the computer room door open. Much easier. They have blocked my favorite Web site. Lucky I have a modem.

Policies, Procedures, and Awareness Layer Compromise Say, I run a network too. How do you configure your firewalls? I can never think of a good password. What do you use? Hi, do you know where the computer room is? Hey, nice modem. What's the number of that line?

Policies, Procedures, and Awareness Layer Protection Firewall Configuration Procedure Physical Access Security Policy User Information Secrecy Policy Device Request Procedure Employee security training helps users support the security policy Employee security training helps users support the security policy

Description of the Physical Security Layer All of the assets within an organization’s IT infrastructure must be physically secured All of the assets within an organization’s IT infrastructure must be physically secured

Physical Security Layer Compromise Install Malicious Code Damage Hardware View, Change, or Remove Files Remove Hardware

Physical Security Layer Protection Lock doors and install alarms Employ security personnel Enforce access procedures Monitor access Limit data input devices Use remote access tools to enhance security

Description of the Perimeter Layer Business Partner Internet Services LAN Main Office LAN Internet Services Branch Office Wireless Network LAN Network perimeters can include connections to: The Internet Branch offices Business partners Remote users Wireless networks Internet applications The Internet Branch offices Business partners Remote users Wireless networks Internet applications Remote User Internet

Perimeter Layer Compromise Business Partner Internet Services LAN Main Office LAN Internet Services Remote User Internet Branch Office Wireless Network LAN Network perimeter compromise may result in a successful: Attack on corporate network Attack on remote users Attack from business partners Attack from a branch office Attack on Internet services Attack from the Internet Attack on corporate network Attack on remote users Attack from business partners Attack from a branch office Attack on Internet services Attack from the Internet

Perimeter Layer Protection Business Partner Internet Services LAN Main Office LAN Internet Services Branch Office Wireless Network LAN Remote User Internet Network perimeter protection includes: Firewalls Blocking communication ports Port and IP address translation Virtual private networks (VPNs) Tunneling protocols VPN quarantine Firewalls Blocking communication ports Port and IP address translation Virtual private networks (VPNs) Tunneling protocols VPN quarantine

Description of the Internal Network Layer Sales Wireless Network Marketing Finance Human Resources

Internal Network Layer Compromise Unauthorized Access to Systems Access All Network Traffic Unauthorized Access to Wireless Networks Unexpected Communication Ports Sniff Packets from the Network

Internal Network Layer Protection Require mutual authentication Segment the network Encrypt network communications Restrict traffic even when it is segmented Sign network packets Implement IPSec port filters to restrict traffic to servers

Description of the Host Layer Contains individual computer systems on the network Often have specific roles or functions The term “host” is used to refer to both clients and servers

Host Layer Compromise Exploit Unsecured Operating System Configuration Exploit Operating System Weakness Unmonitored Access Distribute Viruses

Host Layer Protection Harden client and server operating systems Disable unnecessary services Keep security patches and service packs up to date Monitor and audit access and attempted access Install and maintain antivirus software Use firewalls

Windows XP SP2 Advanced Security Technologies Network protection Memory protection Safer handling More secure browsing Improved computer maintenance Get more information on Windows XP Service Pack 2 at Network protection Memory protection Safer handling More secure browsing Improved computer maintenance Get more information on Windows XP Service Pack 2 at

Description of the Application Layer Layer includes both client and server network applications Functionality must be maintained Client Applications Examples: Microsoft Outlook, Microsoft Office Suite Server Applications Examples: Web Servers, Exchange Server, SQL Server

Application Layer Compromise Loss of application functionality Execution of malicious code Extreme use of application – DoS attack Undesirable use of application

Application Layer Protection Enable only required services and functionality Secure internally developed applications Install security updates for all applications Install and update antivirus software Run applications with least privilege necessary Use latest security practices when developing new applications

Description of the Data Layer Documents Directory Files Application Files

Data Layer Compromise Documents Directory Files Application Files View, Change, or Remove Information Interrogate Directory Files Replace or Modify Application Files

Data Layer Protection Encrypt files with EFS Use a combination of access control lists and encryption Move files from the default location Perform regular backups of data Protect documents and with Windows Rights Management Services Use NTFS for file and folder-level security

Security Incident Response Business Case Security Risk Management Discipline Defense in Depth Security Incident Response Best Practices 10 Immutable Laws of Security

Incident-Response Checklist Identify the attack Communicate the attack Contain the attack Implement preventive measures Document the attack Recognize that an attack is under way

Containing the Effects of the Attack Shut down affected servers Remove affected computers from the network Block inbound and outbound network traffic Take precautionary measures to protect computers not yet compromised Preserve the evidence

Best Practices Business Case Security Risk Management Discipline Defense in Depth Security Incident Response Best Practices 10 Immutable Laws of Security

Security Best Practices Follow the defense-in-depth model Strive for systems that are secure by design Apply the principle of least privilege Learn from experience Use monitoring and auditing Train users to be aware of security issues Develop and test incident-response plans and procedures

Security Checklist Create security policy and procedure documents Subscribe to security alert s Keep up to date with patch management Maintain regular backup and restore procedures Think like an attacker

10 Immutable Laws of Security Business Case Security Risk Management Discipline Defense in Depth Security Incident Response Best Practices 10 Immutable Laws of Security

The 10 Immutable Laws of Security, Part 1 1 If an attacker can persuade you to run his program on your computer, it is not your computer anymore 2 If an attacker can alter the operating system on your computer, it is not your computer anymore 3 If an attacker has unrestricted physical access to your computer, it is not your computer anymore 4 If you allow an attacker to upload programs to your Web site, it is not your Web site any more 5Weak passwords prevail over strong security

The 10 Immutable Laws of Security, Part A computer is only as secure as the administrator is trustworthy 7 Encrypted data is only as secure as the decryption key 8 Out-of-date antivirus software is only marginally better than no antivirus software at all 9 Absolute anonymity is not practical in real life nor on the Web 10Technology is not a panacea

Session Summary Business Case Security Risk Management Discipline Defense in Depth Security Incident Response Best Practices 10 Immutable Laws of Security

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