The Industrial Revolution Western Civilization II

Introduction  Most rapid change in material progress ever seen in any society  Transformed all of society & culture  2 mutually-reinforcing purposes:  To make producers more efficient & profitable  To make consumers better off physically & monetarily

Initial British Advantages  Capital from control of maritime commerce  Naval supremacy  Controlled raw materials from colonies, too  Stable government committed to liberal principles  Bank of England  Laissez-faire  Nonconformists forced into business  Natural resources: iron, coal, water for transportation ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Began in Textile Industry  Primary market = working class & colonies  James Hargreave’s spinning jenny (1768) increased yarn production  Richard Arkwright’s water frame & Samuel Crompton’s mule further increased production  Edmund Cartwright’s power loom (1787) sped up weaving of cloth

Snowball Effect  James Watt’s steam engine created to pump water out of coal mines  Henry Cort’s puddling process creates higher-quality wrought iron  Carts on rails used to transport coal to top of mines © 2000 Wadsworth / Thomson Learning

Railroads  George Stephenson’s Rocket ran from Liverpool to Manchester (32 miles) at 16 m.p.h. in 1830  6,000 miles of track by 1850 © 2000 Wadsworth / Thomson Learning

Differences Between Britain & Continent/U.S. after 1815  Larger territory & fewer good transportation routes  Governments took large role in funding infrastructure & education  Joint-stock, limited-liability corporations  Protective tariffs  In U.S., reliance on unskilled immigrant labor leads to rapid mechanization

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Industrialization of Europe

The Crystal Palace, London, 1851

Changed Spatial & Social Relationships  Middle class controlled new industries  In agricultural society, landowners (nobility) dominated  In industrial society, those who control capital (bourgeoisie) dominate  Work separated from home  Women less likely to learn & participate in business  Instead, became moral guardians in domestic sphere  Production separated from management and retail space  Located in different buildings, in different parts of city  Housing clustered around jobs, creating class segregation