Phonetics and Phonology 1.4; 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 (ex.) 4.1, 4.2, 4.3; Ref. 3.8 Homework: 3.6, #1-7, #8 (choose any three) [Mar 5]

Phonetics The sound inventory — and how those sounds are formed — is one of the things we know about our language

Secondary Function? According to evolution theories, vocal process is a secondary function. Organs of speech have a primary function: Breathing, expelling toxins and waste material, tearing flesh, masticating, swallowing Lungs, teeth, tongue, uvula, interior of mouth

Secondary Function? Only glottis & vocal folds appear primarily involved with speech

Secondary function? Critical thinking question: If language is what distinguishes humans from other life forms, can it be said that speech is a secondary function?

Phonetics See p. 49 chart of speech production mechanism We need to understand the organs and processes involved in the * “Pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism”

Language sounds 1. Consonants 2. Vowels

1. Consonants * We can know three things about consonants: A. Voicing B. Place of articulation C. Manner of articulation

Voicing We call speech sounds “voiced” when the vocal folds in the glottis vibrate as the sound is produced m s ~ z p ~ b (see pg. 50)

Place of articulation* (where the sound is made) (see pg. 51) Lips (bilabial) Lips and teeth (labiodental) Teeth (interdental) Alveolar ridge (alveolar) Palate (palatal) Velum (velar) Glottis (glottal)

Manner of articulation* (how the sound is made) Stops stop and release air flow too, pie, key

Manner of articulation Fricatives friction restricts the airflow fill, so, she

Manner of articulation Affricates combination of stop + friction church; judge

Manner of articulation Nasal air passes through nose nose; home; sing

Manner of articulation Liquid air flows around tongue, in a liquid manner ride; line; all

Manner of articulation Glide tongue glides from one location to another boyish; shower

Homework Prepare the following for next class meeting: Chart P. 54, Examples pp Know the symbols and the three-part description of sounds they represent Ex due Mar 5 –Homework counts 10 pts on 2 nd Midterm

2. Vowels* Vowels are the nuclei of syllables boat; dog; cow

We can describe vowels in three different ways: (see chart p. 57) A.Tongue height* (high or low); /a/, /i/, /a/, /u/

Vowels B.Tongue position – front or back* /i/ - /u/ /o/ - /e/

Vowels C.Lips rounded or unrounded* /i/ - /u/ /e/ - /o/

diphthongs Tongue shifts from one vowel position to another to articulate diphthongs* /ai/ /au/ /oi/ /ou/ /ei/ [Note: Some Englishes from other regions posses different diphthongs]

Phonetics Every language has a distinct set of language sounds

Study objectives We are expected to be able to know the phonetic symbol for each sound of English the voicing place of articulation manner of articulation for each English sound

Study objectives *Three part description of consonants

Study objectives *Three part description of vowels: tongue height, tongue position, and roundedness –disregard ‘lax’ and ‘tense’

Study objectives This knowledge of speech mechanics and the standard manner of transcribing speech provides the foundation for all of our subsequent study of language and linguistics