1. Become familiar with evidence on relationship between democracy and: 1.Economic class balance/ structure. 2.Education. 3.Religion. 4.Political Culture.

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Presentation transcript:

1. Become familiar with evidence on relationship between democracy and: 1.Economic class balance/ structure. 2.Education. 3.Religion. 4.Political Culture. 5.Facilitating Events. 2. Assess persuasiveness of causal links.

 A certain balance of relations among classes is necessary. ◦ Esp. middle class/ bourgeoisie (Aristotle, Moore).  Argued middle class “moderate” for various reasons – sheer numbers or position “in middle”.  Bourgeoisie crucial due to autonomous income. ◦ Powerful landowning class can hinder.

Education

Economic growth Democracy

 Predicted “free” countries (Freedom House measures) by  Actually 87 “free” countries by those measures in 2010.

EducationEconomic growth Democracy Directly Indirectly

Religion

 1988: 39/46 democratic countries dominant Christian  Reasons? ◦ Emphasis on autonomy and dignity of individual? ◦ Separation between church and state?

 Pre-1900: ¾ of democratic countries.  Catholicism considered hindrance until 3 rd wave.

 Pre-1960s: Catholic Church associated with powerful elites in society. ◦ Mid-1960s: Church began to oppose authoritarian regimes (“liberation theology”) ◦ Influence on Brazil, Chile, Philippines, Poland transitions.

 Persistent set of undemocratic countries.  Possible difficulties reconciling restrictions on participation with democratic principles.  Yet 2/3 of Muslims live in democratic regimes.  Manji: Problem is with Islamist political ideology. Manji  Ibrahim: problem not with Islam but history and rulers on Arab peninsula.

 Considered mostly unimportant now.

Civic Culture

 “Civic political culture” necessary for stable democracy.  Citizens: ◦ Feel competent ◦ Have urge to participate ◦ Are tolerant of diversity ◦ Are positive towards their political institutions  Problem: causal direction between democracy and civic culture?

 Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy in America  Robert Putnam: Making Democracy Work  “civic community” in northern Italy

Civic CultureDemocracy

1. Economic crisis 2. Losing a major military conflict

 Performance as source of legitimacy for recent authoritarian regimes.  Legitimacy to particular government rather than procedures of regime.

 Democratic regimes: legitimacy of regime rules and procedures as well as current government.

 Economic Crisis ◦ E.g. oil crises and 1979  Oil-importing countries suffered.  Loss of Major Military Conflict ◦ Argentina (Falklands-Malvinas) ◦ Greece (Cyprus) ◦ Portugal (colonial wars) ◦ USSR (Afghanistan)