by Prof. Lydia Ayers Kokopeli

Pre-Columbian Wind Instruments Aztecs Maya Incas Then mixed with Spanish and black slaves indigenous instruments –conch shells, ocarinas, whistles, slit drums and reed, clay and animal bone flutes, etc. –pentatonic scales

Quena notched edge straight flute of the Andes some of the oldest Quenas in the Andes, found in tombs in Peru, date to before 3,000 B.C.E. now made primarily of bamboo – originally made of clay, stone and bone medium-sized quena tuned to E minor or G Major often pentatonic quena

Zampona panpipe bamboo tubes, open at one end blowing on the open end at a 45 degree angle produces sound traditionally made from Andean bamboo called Canahueca three sizes, all in E minor zampona

Charango (Peru) ten-string guitar-like instrument traditionally made from the shell of an armadillo shimmering sound similar to the mandolin, ukulele or the guitar, but more dynamic

El Condor Pasa a modern Bolivian folk song –2 quenas –Panpipe –Charango –drums condor quena zampona (panpipes)

Panpipes Can make tubes from: –Bamboo –Cardboard –Plastic –Glass and plastic bottles tuned with water

Transverse Flutes Can make tube from –Bamboo –Plastic –Wood

Di / Dizi

Bamboo cross flute Wrinkled membrane over one hole produces bright timbre Spring in the Pamirs,Tajik folk song from Western China

A small, flute-like whistle which can make showy bird-like sounds Mouthpiece 4 Finger holes Koudi

Xiao End-blown notched bamboo flute with five frontal finger holes Zhuang Tai Qiu Si (Autumn Reflection at Dressing Table) –ancient Chinese piece

Xun vessel flute and one of the oldest Chinese instruments (at least 6,700 years old) made of clay or porcelain Xianren aisi (Dreaming of Ancestors) 1= D 0:18