O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Identity Steve Pepper Oslo University College,

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Course agenda Week 37 – 09-08Introduction to Topic Maps – Part 1 Week 38 – 09-15Creating a topic map Week 39 – 09-22Introduction to Topic Maps – Part 2 Week 42 – 10-13Modelling issues (LTM) Week 43 – 10-20Ontology-driven editing Week 44 – 10-27Identity Week 48 – 11-24(Semantic Web) – Move to end of Week 47??? Terminology: – Topic Maps: The technology and the standard – topic maps: The artefacts (documents) we create

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Today’s agenda Identity – Subject identifiers and subject descriptors – (subject locators) – (item identifiers) Discussion of group projects

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Identity: The all-important issue What makes merging possible? – NOT the use of names, which are notoriously unreliable – Names are not unambiguous (the homonym problem) – Many topics have multiple names (the synonym problem) Achievement of the collocation objective – Only possible through the use of unique global identifiers The issue of identification of subjects is therefore crucial – If subjects have unique identifiers, people can be free to use whatever names they like – and machines can still aggregate information

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Subjects and Topics Topics are surrogates, or “proxies” (inside the computer) for the ineffable subjects that you want to talk about, such as Puccini, love, these slides, or the second law of thermodynamics A subject in the real world T A topic in the computer domain

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything The identity of subjects Topics exist in order to allow us to talk about subjects – The relationship between the two is sometimes called intentionality We need to know exactly which subject a topic represents – That is, we need to establish its subject identity – The collocation objective depends on knowing when applications are talking about the same thing Lucca Tosca Puccini Madame Butterfly

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Life, the Universe and Everything The Computer Domain The Topic Map Domain Subject identifiers The identity of most subjects can only be established indirectly – An information resource can provide an indication of the subject’s identity to a human – Such a resource is called a subject descriptor A subject descriptor has an address, even though the subject it indicates does not – Computers can use the address of the subject descriptor to establish identity – Such addresses are called subject identifiers Subject descriptors and subject identifiers are the two sides of the human-computer dichotomy subject Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer, b. Lucca 22nd Dec 1858, d. Brussels, 29th Nov Best known for his operas, of which Tosca is the most... subject descriptor Puccini subject identifier topic

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Published Subjects In order for identifiers to be reused, they must made publicly available – A subject identifier that has been made available for use outside one particular application is called a published subject identifier (PSI) – Its descriptor is called a published subject descriptor (PSD) Anyone can publish PSI sets – Adoption of PSI sets will be an evolutionary process based on trust – It will lead to greater and greater interoperability – between topic map applications, between Topic Maps and RDF, and across information and knowledge management in general – Check out (under development)

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything PSIs for machines and humans

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Advice on subject identifiers Always use them for your typing topics – Makes your ontology more portable The more serious your application, the more extensively you should use them for instances – Merging with other topic maps will not be successful without identifiers LTM code for subject identifiers – See previous lecture and opera.ltm – Example: – [composer =

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Identifiers Use an identifier for every typing topic – Use the prefix – Reuse existing identifiers wherever possible Choice of suffix for topic types and role types: – A short name, preferably the same as Wikipedia uses – Start with a capital letter; accented letters are OK – Replace spaces by underscores – Examples: Composer, Fairy_tale, Work_of_art, Place For association types, occurrence types and name types: – Use a verb (association types) or a noun (occurrence and name types) – Start with a lower-case letter (to indicate a property) – Examples: composed_by, date_of_birth, given_name Check Norwegian Opera for examples – Do not use the Italian Opera Topic Map – its conventions are outdated

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything More tips for your ontology Provide a description for every topic type: – Give a short definition – Comments (if necessary) on the way in which the type is (intended to be) used in the topic map – For examples of recommended best practice – Refer to the Norwegian Opera Topic Map See – Use the Omnigator version listed under Topic Maps at Download it to your machine using the Export plug-in – This query lists all subject identifiers for typing topics: select $TYPE, $SID from { instance-of($T, $TYPE) | type($T, $TYPE) }, subject-identifier($TYPE, $SID) order by $TYPE?

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Role types select $AT, $RT1, $RT2 from association-role( $A, $R1 ), association-role( $A, $R2 ), type($A, $AT), type($R1, $RT1), type($R2, $RT2), $R1 /= $R2 order by $AT?

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Project Groups African Nations Cup 2008 African Writers DILL Program HIO Databases Norwegian Feature Films The Nobel Prize Topic Maps Bibliography Topic Maps Tools Whisky

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Groups A.Phuong, Nga, Szu-Ping HIO Databases B.Andrea, Juan-Daniel, Mehrnoosh, Sara DILL Program C.Pussadee, Roriana, Wachiraporn Nobel Prizes D.Nickson, Florence, Monica Topic Maps Bibliography E.Alice, Barulaganye, Esther African Writers F.Muluken, Yibeltal Topic Maps Tools G.Anja, Clara, Kanita, Trude Norwegian Feature Films H.Isaac, Wilfred African Nations Cup J.Christian Whisky

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Semester Assignment The assignment is to create a topic map using Ontopoly. It will be judged on the following criteria: – Accuracy of modelling type hierarchy other hierarchies appropriate role types appropriate naming – Consistency of names assertions Appropriate size: – Topics:250–1,000TTs:10–35 – Associations:500–2,500ATs:10–45 – Occurrences:500–2,500OTs:10–25 – Degree of interest sufficient number of topics rich set of interconnections large number of interesting occurrences of different types – Documentation every typing topic should have a PSI and a description

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Statistics from 2007 Including system types Excluding system typesTotal TAOs Topic MapTTATOTTTATOTTopicsAssocsOccs Beethoven’s Concerti Dante's Inferno Digital Libraries Dog Breeds Donald Duck Historical Monument JLI Faculty Christiania Bohemians Norwegian Christmas StreetStyle Wine Averages

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything African Nations Cup 2008

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything African Writers

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything DILL Program

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything HIO Databases

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Norwegian Feature Films

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything The Nobel Prize

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Topic Maps Bibliography

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Topic Maps Tools

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Whisky

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Home assignment Finalize the ontology – Document it by providing a short description of each typing topic – Send me the XTM file by before November 3 Populate the topic map – Make a note of any issues that arise for discussion in class on November 10 Prepare a presentation – Thesis seminar: November 28

O N T O P E D I A The Identity of Everything Next Topic Maps lecture Thursday November 20 (09.30) – Same place Agenda – Topic Maps and the Semantic Web – Project Review