But first, a review Nepenthes, a pitcher plant in the Caryophillid group

Rosids I Crassulaceae Grossulariaceae Onagraceae Euphorbiaceae

Rosids in general Somewhat weakly supported Hypanthium in a lot of groups 18 orders 114 families 58,000 species Over 1/3 of all dicots Mostly apopetalous “separate petals” Diverse group Two major clades

Rosids I Very popular group in CO Economically important, many fruits We will study 14 families in this group Today, only four: –Crassulaceae –Grossulariaceae –Onagraceae –Euphorbiaceae

Crassulaceae Stone crop family Most are SMALL SUCCULENTS Regular, bisexual flowers 1 or 2 times as many stamen as pistils 3 or more simple pistils 4 or 5 sepals Sedum is a common species in Colorado Family where Crassulacean Acid Metabolism was first described

CAM Special metabolic pathway that helps plants live in hot, arid habitats Stomata open during the night to let in CO 2 The CO 2 is fixed into an acid That acid then releases C into the Krebs cycle during the day when light is present Stomata are closed during the day

CAM at night

CAM during the day

Sedum lanceolatum - Stonecrop

Clementsia rhodantha – Queen’s Crown

Sedum rosea or Rhodiola integrifolia – King’s crown

Grossulariaceae Gooseberry family Includes currants Mostly shrubs with palmate leaves Shiny berries with attached sepals Regular bisexual flowers, but small (1/4 in) Five united sepals Five separate petals Five stamen Inferior or superior ovary Only ONE genus!!! – Ribes arguably Grossularia Ecologically important

Ribes cereum – wax currant

Ribes cereum in fruit

Ribes lacustre – Prickly currant

Onagraceae Evening primrose family FOUR-LOBED STIGMA Four petals Four sepals Four (or 8) stamen FOUR syncarpous (fused) carpels INFERIOR OVARY Capsule, berry, or drupe Called evening primrose because they generally open in the evening / late afternoon

Onagraceae

Onagraceae distribution

Onagraceae – Four lobed stigma

Onagraceae – Note the hypanthium

Onagraceae in cross- section

Oenothera caespitosa

Onagraceae Fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium) Abundant after fires Adapted to fire via underground rhizomes that sprout up after fire Lightweight seeds and many of them After a certain time, other species come up and outcompete it via light interception Worldwide Low resistance to human trampeling

Chamerion angustifolium

Euphorbiaceae Euphorb family Spurge family MILKY SAP Many are succulent Can lack sepals Can lack petals Carpels 1-20 Superior ovary Fruit is a schizocarpic capsule

Euphorbiaceae Convergent evolution Many euphorbs occupy the same niches in Africa that many of our cacti do Euphorbia is the only genus of plants known to have all three metabolic pathways: C3, C4, and CAM

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbiaceae - Distribution

Euphorbiaceae - Succulent

Euphorbiaceae – milky sap

Euphorbiaceae - flowers

Euphorbiaceae - Cyanthium

Poinsettia

Cassava or manioc is in this family

Roots of Manihot esculenta Qtvhs0O2oJE Qtvhs0O2oJE