Tuscan Cities The Culture of Death, Judgment, and Punishment

Obsessio n with Death and Decay

Illness and Hopelessness

Old Age and the Body: Lots of Reminders of Decay

Death Comes Inevitably

All Ages Affected

Attention to Avoiding Death Even at the Last Moment

Moment of Death and Temptation: The Ars Moriendi

Miracles Happen: Ascertaining Death

Transport of the Cadaver

The Casket

Death and Sensuality

Internment

Decay of the Body After Death Emphasized

Elaborate and expensive tombs

Grave Robbing

Office for the Dead Hell

Resurrection of the dead and the Last Judgment

Taken to be Judged

Guilt Expiation: Scrovegni Chapel in Padua

Universal Judgment: When and Where

Justice in the Arena Chapel (Giotto)

Two Kinds of Justice (Lorenzetti) Good Government Frescos in Siena

Distributive Justice (Lorenzetti)

Commutative Justice

Purgatory Role of the Blessed Virgin as Intercessor

ArtisticOpportunity, Creativity and Sadistic Entertainment

Hell and Graphic Torture

Clergy and Laity were both included

Punishment s fit the crime or sin -- in this case an obsession with Wealth

Punishment Fitting the Sin: Clerical Celibacy

Eternal and appropriate punishments

Sexual obsessions and ideas about the physical body

Demons actively and graphicall y punish sinners

Serious and comic value. Can these images really terrify?

Satan himself helps

Simony and Bribery: Common Clerical Sins

The End??