1 Smart Distribution Systems: Sustainability Issues S. S. (Mani) Venkata Alstom Grid and University of Washington (UW) SECON Conference Panel Presentation Salt Lake City, UT June 28, 2011 Co-author: Sumit Roy, UW

2 © 2010 Copyright S. S. Venkata 2 Sustainable Energy Resources 7/13/2015

3 Sources of Electricity in the U. S. © 2010 Copyright S. S. Venkata 3 Source: 2006_PNG 7/13/2015

4 Conventional Electric Generation  Conventional Generation: – Nuclear – Coal-fired – Hydroelectric – Natural gas – Combustion – Combined cycle  These plants have large capacity by having multiple units in a given plant.  Each unit in turn can also be very large. (from 100- Mva up to 2,000 Mva) © 2010 Copyright S. S. Venkata 47/13/2015

5 Renewable Electric Generation  Renewable Sources (sustainable sources) – Solar PV (active) – Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) – Wind – Fuel cells – Tidal – Biomass – Small hydro © 2010 Copyright S. S. Venkata 57/13/2015

6 Renewable Electric Generation  These tend be very small units to large farms (few KW to less than 10 MW) connected as a cluster in a farm or park  Most of them are intermittent in nature  Some type of storage can improve capacity and reliability © 2010 Copyright S. S. Venkata 67/13/2015

7 Future Trends in Generation  Distributed Generation (DG)-Microgrids – Combined Heat and Power (CHP) – Wind parks – Batteries – Fuel cells – Photovoltaic – Micro-turbines © 2010 Copyright S. S. Venkata 77/13/2015

8 Smart Grid Generation Issues  Capacity Factor  Renewable Portfolio Standards  Reserve Margin  Plant Efficiency  Availability  Carbon sequestration  Ecology and environmental protection © 2010 Copyright S. S. Venkata 87/13/2015

9 Renewable Generation Grid Issues  Distributed Generation  Efficiency  Voltage Regulation  Load Dynamic Modeling  Load Forecasting  Three phase Studies: on-line and off-line  Reliability  Power Quality © 2010 Copyright S. S. Venkata 97/13/2015

10 Simple concept  Robust; Effective  Not much changed in the last century Complex in execution  Thousands of classical, central power plants  Web of transmission lines (above 120-kV)  More complex web of distribution lines (below 69-kV) “Edison’s Grid” Today Generating Plant End User Transmission Line Substation Distribution System

11 Smart Grid: A Digital, Information-Age Grid  Basic structure – Today’s (Edison’s) grid is the starting point – Applies information technology – Much more information and control  Power of Timely information – Deregulation – Infusion of new technologies – More precise system design and operation – Improved reliability, efficiency, safety, security and cost – Ability to meet customer needs – More products and services – Reduced emissions and environmental impact

12 7/13/2015© 2010 Copyright S. S. Venkata 12 What is in Store for the Future?  The real world is full of uncertainties  Many needs of the society are geographically imbalanced  Energy demand and supply unbalance will continue to exist in the future  Global population will increase by 30% to 8 billion in the next 40 years  How do we prepare to meet the challenges and take advantage of the opportunities?

13 7/13/2015© 2010 Copyright S. S. Venkata 13 Global Issues of Concern (contd.)  Ecology and environment protection is essential – Global warming is one critical example  Next to air and water, energy is the most important need of the society  How to achieve balance between all conflicting forces?  Seeking sustainable energy resources is the answer without sacrificing air and water quality

14 7/13/2015© 2010 Copyright S. S. Venkata 14 Need for Reduced Political Barriers  Governments should aim for reduced bureaucracy  Regulators need to balance societal and utility needs. – Reduced time for approval for new projects  Utilities have to balance their internal enterprise management in the most efficient and effective ways