 An independent clause can stand alone.  A dependent Clause needs an independent clause to be a sentence. › Dependent clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions › After, although, as, because, if, once, since, etc.

 I traveled to Florida although I didn’t have much money.  What punctuation is needed?  Why?

 I went to the store and I bought lots of groceries. What punctuation is needed? These two independent clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and). Each independent clause can stand alone.

The library book that I checked out is due soon.  The library book is due soon and I think I owe a fine.  Punctuation?

 They introduce dependent clauses and relate to a noun already named in the sentence. › (That, which, what, who, whoever, etc. › EX: Sometimes the classes that I want are full.  Is punctuation needed?

 Subordinating conjunctions and relative pronouns make clauses dependent.

 How to determine a compound sentence › Ask: Is there a coordinating conjunction and does the sentence contain at least two independent clauses?  1. Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction.  2. You can substitute a semicolon for a coordinating conjunction sometimes.

 How to Punctuate?  She created the program and she led the team.  I think that the issue is clear it also may have multiple outcomes.

 Clauses in compound sentences are often linked by the conjunctive adverb (consequently, however, moreover, besides, nevertheless, on the other hand, in fact, therefore, thus) If they are, you need a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb.

 The firm has had a change in management; therefore, we are not sure what we should do.  It is clear that we should fix the error; moreover, we are expected to do it.

 Complex sentences contain both an independent and dependent clause.  There may be no punctuation between the clauses, or they may be separated by a comma.

EX: Although we don’t have to, we should correct the error. --An introductory clause with a subordinating conjunction is followed by a comma.

 Restrictive clauses are essential; they restrict the meaning of the term they modify. No comma is needed.  EX: Schools that let out early are diminishing student opportunities for learning.

 Non-Restrictive clauses add additional information but do not restrict the meaning of the term it modifies.  EX: The detective, who was tall and handsome, took down my statement.

 Series Commas and Semicolons › Commas with a series of adjectives  If adjectives in a series both or all modify a noun, use a comma between them but not after the final one.  EX: The new, more important method will be implemented.

 Parallelism means that related items share a grammatical structure. › EX: The responsibility of the cook is creating the recipe, cooking the food, and supervising the staff.

 Introductory Phrases—usually followed by a comma unless they are quite short. › EX: For those with permission statements, the rules are fairly easy.

 A hyphen shows that two words function as a unit.  Often you need to consult a dictionary to see if the phrase uses a hyphen.  Also, consult a style manual.

 Noun forms of compound terms tend to be open or solid (no hyphen).  EX: problem solving, bookkeeping

 Noun forms that are formed by a noun and an adjective are more likely to be hyphenated or solid.  EX: self-service, one-half  EX: patient services

 Compound adjectives are hyphenated if they precede the word modified and if they are formed in these ways: › Adjective or noun + past participle  EX: green-tinted glass › Noun + present participle  EX: interest-bearing account

 Can show a break in thought, › Or provide emphasis.  Dashes also signal to the reader additional information at the end of a sentence, helping the reader to interpret the significance of the primary information in a sentence.

 The project will end January 15—unless the company provides additional funds.  The job will be done—after we are under contract.  Only one person—the president—can authorize such activity.

 Compounds with “all,” “half,” “high,” or “low” › EX: all-around student  Compounds with “well” if they precede a noun  EX: well-connected people

 An em dash—the length of two hyphens without space around them-- can substitute for parentheses, a break in thought, or provide emphasis. › Above sentence –dash substitutes for parentheses.

 Dashes also signal additional information at the end of the sentence that helps a reader interpret the significance of the primary information in the sentence. › EX: Some state prison systems apply the policy of risk-group screening for AIDS only to pregnant women—a very small number of inmates.

 A hyphen shows that two words function as a unit.  EX:

 Copymarks › Show where changes need to be made to make the document correct, consistent, accurate, and complete.  Marginal Notes › To author (au: Correct? › To typesetter/production specialist (comp: set rom)

 Are those groups of words punctuated as sentences actual sentences?  Is the punctuation complete?  Do subjects and verbs agree in number?  Do pronouns agree with referents?  Do modifiers attach logically to the word or phrase they modify?

 Are words spelled and capitalized correctly and consistently?  Are numbers spelled or in figures?  Is identifying information, such as running headers, in the same place on every page?

 Check data including dates, numbers, etc  Check words including names, titles, terms, abbreviations, quotations  Check organizational information—table of contents, index, etc.

 Look for consistency in the document. › Verbal (meanings and arrangements of words)  Semantics (meaning). Does the author use one term of something in one place and then a different term elsewhere?  Syntax (structure). Is there parallel structure where you see related terms, phrases of sentences?

 Syntax, cont. › Series of steps in a procedure should be worded alike.  Style (word choice, sentence patterns, writer’s voice) › No mixing of formal language with casual language › Shifts in person

 Typography consistency › Do parallel parts of a document use the same typeface and style? Are variations in headings consistent?  Layout › Is the amount of space below a heading the same throughout? › Is indentation used for all paragraphs?

 Spelling  Capitalization  Hyphenation  Abbreviation  Numbers  Punctuation  Documentation