Lecture Goals To review the concept of trophic structure – how energy moves through ecosystems. To discuss primary production in freshwater ecosystems.

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Presentation transcript:

Lecture Goals To review the concept of trophic structure – how energy moves through ecosystems. To discuss primary production in freshwater ecosystems – who does it, how do they do it, and what controls it.

Lindemann RL The trophic-dynamic aspects of ecology. Ecology 23:

Trophic Structure Sp. 1Sp. 2Sp. 3Sp. 4 Sp. 5 Sp. 6 Sp. 7 Sp. 8 Sp. 9 Sp  Production Sp. 11 Detritivore 2  Production

Trophic Structure??? 1  Production 2  Production

Productivity is a Rate Production of biomass over time (e.g., mg C / hr) Snap-shots only capture “standing stock”. Rate of “turn-over” affects the distribution of biomass among layers.

Major Primary Producers in Fresh Water Algae Diatoms Cyanobacteria (aka, blue-green algae)

Algae

Reproduction of Algae

Diatoms

Diatom Reproduction is Cool

Cyanobacteria

Reproduction of Cyanobacteria Binary fission Budding Fragmentation

Stromatolites: formed in shallow water by cyanobacteria that trap and bind sedimenting grains.

Other ways of classifying freshwater primary producers

PhytoplanktonAttached Algae Attachment

Picoplankton (< 5 μm) Macroplankton (> 500 μm) Size

Pigmentation Chlorophyll: appears green Carotenoids: appear red / orange Billiproteins: pigment-protein complexes common in cyanobacteria.

Light absorption by different algal pigments

Factors affecting pigment concentration Shading Photoinhibition Physiological condition

General physiological requirements Light of specific wavelength Nutrients: - N and P - Si for diatoms - Mg for chlorophyll Carbon forms: - CO 2 - Carbonic acid: H 2 CO 3 - Hydrogen carbonate: HCO Carbonate: CO 3 2-

Movement and Buoyancy Light is in the epilimnion. To stay in epilimnion, need to (1) not sink, and (2) deal with water circulation. How do they do it?

Movement with Flagella

Gelatinous Sheath Filamentous Structure Characteristics that reduce sinking rate Small Size

Gas Vacuoles

Measuring primary production 6CO H 2 O   C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 O + 6O 2 Light + Pigment Δ CO 2 Δ O 2 Uptake of 14 C

Factors regulating primary productivity Light

Factors regulating primary productivity Light Inorganic nutrients and water chemistry

Lake classifications based on nutrient levels

Vertical profiles of primary production in different lake types Light  Nutrients

Factors regulating primary productivity Light Inorganic nutrients and water chemistry Competition among species

Leibig’s Law of the Minimum The population growth rate of an organism is determined by the abundance of the nutrient that relative to the needs of that organism is least abundant in the environment.

Competition for a limiting resource

Competition for multiple resources

Factors regulating primary productivity Light Inorganic nutrients and water chemistry Competition among species Other

Other factors regulating primary productivity Change over time: dC/dt = r p C – (S + G + Pa + D) > C = algal cell concentration > r p = rate of photosynthesis > S = sinking out of algae below photic zone > G = zooplankton grazing > Pa = parasitism and disease > D = natural death

Emergent patterns in phytoplankton communities Seasonal succession Response to grazing by zooplankton

Seasonal succession in phytoplankton biomass and community composition

Phytoplankton productivity in the summer

Effect of grazing on phytoplankton community composition

Algal Defenses