Vacuum & Particles 陳 鎰 鋒 中央大學 物理系

粒子從那裡來 ? 真空 Heavy Ion e+e-  3 jets   e+e- g*  q q g

energy Vacuum Space Time energy mass

Bremsstrahlung (QCD) Bremsstrahlung (QED)

e+e-  g*  Hadrons e+e-  g e+e-  g g*  g Hadrons e+e-  QQ  Hadrons ggg  Hadrons e+e-  e+e- gg *  e+e- Hadrons Heavy Ion Collision Au+Au  ??  Hadrons Vacuum g g gg ggg Annihilation Two-Photon Quarkonium Decay

D meson ~0.02 J/  > 5.3

Quarkonium  ggg or ggg / e+e-  qq (CLEO) √S ~ 10 GeV ggg / qq

e+e-  g*  Hadrons e+e-  g e+e-  g g*  g Hadrons e+e-  QQ  Hadrons ggg  Hadrons e+e-  e+e- gg  e+e- Hadrons Heavy Ion Collision Au+Au  ??  Hadrons EM Strong Vacuum Two-Photon Annihilation Quarkonium Decay

Space-Time structure of Vacuum T < s S < m Correlation – charge, flavor, baryon Coherence  Quantum Mechanics

Principle of HBT interferometry (Hanbury-Brown-Twiss) Quantum Correlation size

e+ e-, PP Heavy Ion QGP R ~ fm

D X D Quantum Correlation EPR Y(4S) Y(4040)  D*D*  DD p p  DD J/  suppression DT, DE =Dmc 2 the heavier, the earlier J/Y f T S

e+e-  g*  Hadrons e+e-  g e+e-  g g*  g Hadrons e+e-  QQ  Hadrons ggg  Hadrons e+e-  e+e- gg  e+e- Hadrons Heavy Ion Collision Au+Au  ??  Hadrons EM Strong Weak ? B or D meson decays (top?) Vacuum Two-Photon Annihilation Quarkonium Decay W ggg ggg Z g “Extended Source” e.g. D 0  K - p + ; K - K + cu  su [d u] ; s[u s]u Extra dimension?

e+e-  g*  Hadrons e+e-  g e+e-  g g*  g Hadrons e+e-  QQ  Hadrons ggg  Hadrons e+e-  e+e- gg  e+e- Hadrons Heavy Ion Collision Au+Au  ??  Hadrons Extra dimension? EM Strong Weak ? B or D meson decays (top?) Vacuum Two-Photon Annihilation Quarkonium Decay

e+e-  --> h+h- e+e- Two Photon e+e-    h+h- (annihilation) e+e-  e+e-   h+h-  (ISR)

e+e-    h+h-

Two-Photon from Belle gg  p+p-; K+K- p 0 p 0 ; K 0 s K 0 s p 0 h; hh; PP

events W distribution of gg  p 0 h W: invariant mass (p 0 h ) or W gg

Angular dependence of differential cross sections in different W regions 1/sin 4  *

Cross section  (   hh)  = a*W -n N = 6 for mesons  (k+k-)/  (  +  -) ~ 1 k s 0 (ds) / K+(us) ~ 2/25 Ratio of  (k s 0 k s 0 )/  (k+k-) is not const ?? 

W dependence of the cross section ratio of p 0 h to p 0 p 0

gg  p+p- gg  K+K-

Cross section  (   hh)  = a*W -n N = 6 for mesons N = 10 for baryons PP N = 15.1±1.1± ±2.4±1.5 N = 10 Asymptotic? W: 2.5 – 2.9 W: 3.2 – 4.0  p 0 h 10.5 ± 1.2 ± 0.5

s(p 0 p 0 )/s(p+p-)

W distribution of gg  

gg  pp

gg  PP p+p- gg  h+h-

gg  PP p+p-  PP “R” gg  PP K+K-

W p + p - and W K+K- distributions (W  ) in gg --> PP K+K- / p+p- reactions (gg  K+K- / gg   +  -)

gg  KK

Charge Correlation in gg  pp k+k- process Opp-sign combinations (PK-, PK+) Like-sign combinations (PK-, PK+)

gg  PP p+p- e+e-  D*- D+ p+p-

e+e-  D*- D+ p+p- Opp-sign combinations (D*-p+, D+p-) Like-sign combinations (D*-p-, D+p+)

gg  PP p+p- e+e-  D*- D+ p+p-

e+e-  g*  Hadrons e+e-  g e+e-  g g*  g Hadrons e+e-  QQ  Hadrons ggg  Hadrons e+e-  e+e- gg  e+e- Hadrons Heavy Ion Collision Au+Au  ??  Hadrons Extra dimension? EM Strong Weak ? B or D meson decays (top?) Vacuum Two-Photon Annihilation Quarkonium Decay

events W distribution of p 0 h W: invariant mass (p 0 h ) or W gg

CLEO_c -- DD (DD,DD*,D s D s ) & DD  Charm-Production in e+e- Annihilation around 4 GeV hep-ex/ (CC) Energy level

Energy Level DD threshold Meson (Quarkonium) X, Y, Z (Tetra Quark) D*   D Jets Formation Distance C C C C C C CC

Meson immerges in Vacuum C C Y(4040) s s u u Y(4040)  D*D*, DsDs 顏東茂 T.M. Yan Mix of energy levels width

Cluster (Herwig/Weber)

String (Pythia/LUND)

  f 0 (980)   +  - ss or k+k- Virtual K+K- is needed p 0 / r = (dd - uu) / 2 ½ Time

D+/D*+ = 0.36 ± 0.10 ± 0.20 PS/V ratio D+ meson fragmentation function (‘85) c-quark  D-meson e+e-  c c  D + x

V/PS Seuster ‘06

e+e-  c c  DD + X D X D

L L Correlation (OPAL) LL Rapidity y = ½ ln[ (E + p ║ ) / (E - p ║ )]

Short range correlation Long range correlation

Belle data MC (phase) e+e-  D* - D 0 p + (USTC)  D* D**, D D** “Jet property”

K T vs Rapidity 10 GeV e+e-  c c events

真空如何產生粒子 ? g*  q q g

無中生有 E = MC 2

energy Vacuum Space Time energy mass

Meson immerges in Vacuum C C Y(4040) s s u u Y(4040)  D*D*, DsDs

Energy Level DD threshold Meson (Quarkonium) X, Y, Z (Tetra Quark) D*   D Jets Formation Distance C C C C C C CC

Particle production via 1. ggg / qq ggg/gg 2.   hh  *  hadrons 3.   PPhh  *  DD  4. e+e-  cc, XYZ, DD, DD  jets

Space-Time structure of Vacuum T < s S < m Correlation – charge, flavor, baryon Coherence  Quantum Mechanics

e+e-  +  -  E+e-  pi+pi- g