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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc CHAPTER 13 Personality PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Lecture Overview Trait Theories Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Humanistic Theories Social-Cognitive Theories Biological Theories Personality Assessment

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Key Definition Personality: Unique & relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, & actions

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Trait Theories Trait: Relatively stable personal characteristic used to describe someone Key Figures: Early Trait Theorists: Allport, Cattell, Eysenck Modern Trait Theorists: McCrae & Costa--Five-Factor Model (FFM)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Trait Theorists: The Five-Factor Model (FFM) O penness (open to new ideas vs. conventional & narrow in interests) C onscientiousness (responsible & organized vs. irresponsible & careless) E xtroversion (sociable & talkative vs. withdrawn & quiet) A greeableness (trusting & good-natured vs. suspicious & ruthless) N euroticism (emotionally unstable & moody vs. emotionally stable & easygoing) OCEANOCEAN Study Tip: Note the first letter of each factor

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Pause & Reflect: Psychology at Work Psychology helps us understand personality & relationships. For example, place a dot on each line to indicate your traits of openness, extroversion, etc. Then do the same for your ideal romantic partner.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Trait Theorists: The Five-Factor Model (FFM) Researchers asked over 10,000 men & women from 37 countries what they wanted in a mate. They found: high degree of agreement. five-factor traits are at the top of both lists.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Evaluating Trait Theories Pro: Five-factor model (FFM) helps describe & organize personality characteristics using the fewest number of traits. Evolutionary, cross-cultural, & cross-species studies support five-factor model (FFM). Con: Lacks explanation Stability vs. change Ignores situational effects

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Pause & Reflect: Psychology at Work Does Your Personality Match Your Work?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Pause & Reflect: Assessment 1. A relatively stable personal characteristic used to describe someone is called a _____. 2. Tending to be withdrawn, quiet, passive, & reserved is known as _____ on the five-factor model (FFM).

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Examine how unconscious mental forces interplay with thoughts, feelings, & actions Early Key Figures: Founding Father--Freud Neo-Freudians--Adler, Jung, Horney

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Levels of Consciousness Conscious: Thoughts or motives person is currently aware of or remembering Preconscious: Thoughts, motives, or memories that can be voluntarily brought to mind Unconscious: Thoughts, motives, or memories blocked from normal awareness

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Personality Structures Id: Instinctual energy (pleasure principle) Ego: Rational part of psyche (reality principle) Superego: The conscience (morality principle)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms: Ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality ID EGO SUPER EGO

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Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Psychosexual Stages of Development Psychosexual Stages: Freudian idea of five developmental periods key to personality development Oral Stage: birth-18 months Anal Stage: 18 months-3 yrs Phallic Stage: 3-6 yrs Latency Stage: 6 yrs-puberty Genital Stage: puberty-adulthood

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Freud believed all children pass through five psychosexual stages. At each stage the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on specific pleasure areas of the body (erogenous zones).

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists Adler: Suggested that most people experience an inferiority complex, which later results in a “will-to-power” that can be either positive or negative

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists Jung: Proposed an inherited collective unconscious consisting of archetypes

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists Horney: believed some adults experience basic anxiety due to childhood feelings of helplessness and isolation

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Evaluating Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Theories Pro: Emphasis on unconscious, intrapsychic conflicts, development of influential therapy (e.g., psychoanalysis) Modern psychodynamic theories use more empirical methods Con: Difficult to test Overemphasizes biology & unconscious forces Inadequate evidence Sexism Lack of cross-cultural support

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Pause & Reflect: Assessment 1. Using the iceberg analogy, explain Freud’s three levels of consciousness. 2. Briefly describe Freud’s five psychosexual stages.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Humanistic Theories Emphasis: Personality develops from internal experiences (feelings & thoughts) & individual feelings of basic worth. People are innately good (or, at worst, neutral) with a positive drive toward self-fulfillment. Key Figures: Rogers & Maslow

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Humanistic Theories: Rogers’ Key Concepts Key component of personality = the self, what a person defines as “I” or “me” Mental health is related to the degree of congruence between the self-concept & life experiences.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Unconditional Positive Regard: Love & acceptance with no contingencies attached Humanistic Theories: Rogers’s Key Terms (Continued)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking As a child did you receive primarily conditional or unconditional positive regard? According to Rogers, how might this have affected your adult personality?

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Humanistic Theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s proposal that basic physical necessities must be satisfied before higher-growth needs Self-Actualization: Maslow’s term for the inborn drive to develop all one’s talents & capabilities

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Humanistic Theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Evaluating Humanistic Theories Pro: Many concepts incorporated into successful therapy Con: Naive assumptions Poor testability & inadequate evidence Narrowness

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Social-Cognitive Theories Social Cognitive Theories Personality reflects: individual’s interactions with the environment how people think about the world & interpret what happens to them Key Figures: Bandura & Rotter

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Social-Cognitive Theories: Bandura’s Key Terms Self-Efficacy: Person’s learned expectation of success Reciprocal Determinism: Cognitions, behaviors, & the environment interact to produce personality

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Social-Cognitive Theories: Rotter’s Key Terms Cognitive Expectancies: What people expect to happen Reinforcement Value: Degree to which people prefer one reinforcer over another Locus of Control: What people consider the source of life’s rewards & punishments (internal or external locus of control)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories Pro: Emphasizes how environment affects & is affected by individuals Meets most standards for scientific research Con: Narrow focus Ignores unconscious & emotional aspects of personality

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Pause & Reflect: Assessment 1. The _____ approach to personality emphasizes internal experiences & the basic goodness of the individual. 2. Rogers believed _____ is essential to a child’s healthy personality development.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Biological Theories Three major biological contributors to personality: Brain Structures Neurochemistry Genetic Factors

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Integrating the Perspectives Biopsychosocial model suggests multiple theories provide different insights & contribute different proportions to personality.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Personality Assessment Four methods to measure personality: Interviews Observations Objective Tests (MMPI) Projective Tests (Rorschach, TAT)

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Evaluating Methods of Personality Assessment Interviews & Observations Pro: insights Con: time consuming & expensive Projective Tests Pro: insights Con: low reliability & validity Objective Tests Pro: standardized information Con: possible deliberate deception, social desirability bias, diagnostic difficulties, possible cultural bias, & inappropriate use

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Two Key Criteria for Test Assessment Reliability: Measure of the consistency & reproducibility of a test’s scores when test is given again Validity: Ability of a test to measure what it was designed measure

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc Why Are Pseudo-Personality Tests So Popular? Barnum Effect: We are predisposed to accept ambiguous, general statement. (e.g., “You’re sometimes shy when meeting new people.”) Fallacy of Positive Instances: We remember confirming evidence & ignore disconfirming (e.g., Remembering certain astrological predictions & ignoring others) Self-Serving Bias: We tend to prefer flattering descriptions. (e.g., “You’re well-liked by others.”)

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc End of CHAPTER 13 Personality PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation