1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical OSI model 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application IPv4, IPv6 Device Driver Hardware TCPUDP Internet.

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Presentation transcript:

1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical OSI model Application IPv4, IPv6 Device Driver Hardware TCPUDP Internet protocol suite Sockets XTI User process kernel Application details Communications details Raw Sockets Datalink Access

2 Raw Sockets Usage Creation. Output. Input Ping Traceroute Original slides are from Prof. Ying-Dar Lin course/cn/np/np.html

3 Raw Socket Usage 1 ICMP 2 IGMP 6 TCP 17 UDP 1. R/W ICMPv4. IGMPv4. ICMPv6 ex. Ping 2. R/W other datagrams not processed by kernel ex. Gated => implement OSPF (protocol = 89) 3. Build one’s own IPv4 Header ex. traceroute

4 Raw Socket Creation Sockfd = socket ( AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, protocol) Set IP_HDRINCL socket option If (setsockopt (sockfd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, &on, sizeof (on))>0) error ; BIND No port number concept CONNECT No port number concept

5 Raw Socket Output 1. Sendto / sendmsg + destination IP connect => write / writev / send 2. Starting Address for the kernel to write Starting Addr. = First byte following the IP header Set IP_HDRINCL => Starting Addr. = First byte of the IP header 3. Fragmentation by kernel Kernel Raw Sockets Checksum: IPv4 => By Application IPv6 => By Kernel

6 Raw Socket Input 1. UDP / TCP Never pass to Raw Socket 2. Most ICMP Kernel => Raw Socket 3. All IGMP Kernel => Raw Socket 4. All Unknown IP Datagram Kernel ~> Raw Socket 5. Fragment In Reassemble ~> Raw Socket Kernel Raw Sockets protocol field bound addr. = dest. IP connected addr. = source IP

7 Solaris # ping gemini.tuc.noao.edu PING gemini.tuc.noao.edu ( ):56 data bytes 64 bytes from : seq=0, ttl=248, rtt= ms 64 bytes from : seq=1, ttl=248, rtt= ms 64 bytes from : seq=2, ttl=248, rtt= ms 64 bytes from : seq=3, ttl=248, rtt= ms Ping Operation SourceDest. ICMP echo request ICMP echo reply Format of ICMPv4 & ICMPv6 message

8 main readloop recvfromproc_v4 proc_v6 sig_alrm send_v4 send_v6 or Infinite receive loop Send an echo request once a second Overview of Ping Establish signal handler for SIGALRM

9 Traceroute with TTL Mechanism TTL=2 TTL=1 TTL=0 ICMP Router A (Local) B (Remote)

10 Example of Traceroute Solaris # traceroute gemini.tuc.noao.edu traceroute to gemini.tuc.noao.edu ( ): 30 hops max, 12 data bytes 1 gw.kohala.com ( ) 3.839ms 3.595ms 3.722ms 2 tuc -1 -s1 -9.rtd.net ( ) ms ms ms 3 frame -gw.ttn.ep.net ( ) ms ms ms. 7 gemini.tuc.noao.edu ( ) ms ms ms

11 Datalink Access Usage

12 Datalink Access  Watch packets received by datalink layer ex. Tcpdump on normal computer systems => watch all packets on the local cable  Run certain programs as normal applications instead of part of the kernel ex. RARP (R/W over datalink)