1 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved Chapter 1 Getting Started with Win32/64

2 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved Chapter 1 OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this Chapter, you will be able to:  Describe the Windows API  Its role in Windows 2000, XP, 2003 (“NT5”)  And obsolete systems (9X, NT4)  Windows style and programming conventions  Develop Windows applications using Microsoft Visual C++  Develop and run a simple application  Use the basic debugger features  Use the online help to obtain additional information  Win64 migration and portability issues

3 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved OVERVIEW (1 of 2) Windows 2000, XP, 2003 (“NT5”) as Operating Systems  Their roles as operating systems  The Windows API  Win64 migration and portability  Differences  Architecture

4 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved OVERVIEW (2 of 2) Getting Started with Windows  Naming conventions  Programming conventions  Style  Sample program Lab: Use Visual C++ to build and run a sample application

5 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved WINDOWS NT FAMILY AS OPERATING SYSTEMS Windows 32-bit operating systems have all the features required for desktop, departmental, and enterprise computing 64-bit systems are on the way Essential features include:  Memory: large, flat, virtual memory address space  File systems, console, and other I/O  Multitasking: processes and threads  Communication and synchronization  Single system and networked  Security

6 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved THE Windows API Windows is the 32-bit API used by:  Windows 9X (95, 98, Me)  Windows NT  Windows CE (palmtops, embedded systems, etc.)  Win64 is very similar at the source level  Supported on Windows 2003 and Itanium processor family  Windows statements nearly always apply to Win64 There are several major subdivisions, including:  Windows Management  Graphics Device Interface (GDI)  System Services  Multimedia  Remote Procedure Calls

7 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved SYSTEM SERVICES This course covers the System Services  The brains of Windows  System Services enable everything else  The Course Chapters cover the essential system service Repeat: Topics NOT covered  Device Drivers  OS internals  Graphical User Interface (GUI) programming  COM, DCOM, MFC,.net  Development environments – learn as you go

8 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved WINDOWS NT 5 (1 of 2) All platforms use the Windows API, BUT there are differences:  Windows NT4 (and above) has full NSA “Orange Book” C2 security features.  “NT” means NT 4.0 and above (including all NT5)  Windows 9X only runs on Intel x86 architecture  Only NT supports SMP  Windows 2003 also runs on Itanium,...  Windows 2003 for Win64 migration Note: Windows CE also supports Windows on several processor architectures

9 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved WINDOWS NT5 (2 of 2)  Windows NT uses UNICODE international character set throughout  Windows 9X limits asynchronous I/O to serial devices  Windows NT has a fully protected kernel  Windows NT supports the NTFS, a robust file system  Windows 9X and CE will not support as many resources  Open files, processes, etc.  Many Windows 9X Windows functions have restricted implementations In general, Windows programs are portable between platforms at both the source and, mostly, binary level

10 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved THE WINDOWS NT ARCHITECTURE Windows is the dominant environment running on the NT (all versions) executive OS/2 and POSIX compatility modes are rarely used Historical interest only

11 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved KERNEL HAL: Hardware Abstraction HARDWARE Process Manager Systems Services Virtual Memory Manager I/O Manager NT Executive Protected Subsystems Applications OS/2 Program Windows Program POSIX Program OS/2 Subsystem Windows Subsystem POSIX Subsystem

12 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved GETTING STARTED: MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS System running Windows NT5  Other versions will run most, but not all, examples Intel Pentium CPU (or equivalent: AMD, 486,...)  Alternative: Itanium Memory and free disk space  As required by your development system C compiler and development system  Microsoft Visual C++ Version 6.0 (or higher) .net These requirements are easy to meet with current system prices and common configurations

13 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved GETTING STARTED: Windows PRINCIPLES (1 OF 2) Nearly every resource is an “object” identified and referenced by a “handle” of type HANDLE Kernel objects must be manipulated by WindowsAPIs HANDLE datatype objects include:  filespipes  processesmemory mapping  threadsevents, mutexes, semaphores Windows is rich and flexible  Many functions perform the same or similar operations  Each function has numerous parameters and flags

14 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved GETTING STARTED: Windows PRINCIPLES (2 OF 2) Windows thread is the basic unit of execution, rather than a process  A process can contain one or more threads  Each process has its own code and data address space  Threads share the process address space  Threads are “lightweight” and more efficient than processes  Used for servers, asynchronous I/O,...

15 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved Windows NAMING CONVENTIONS Long and descriptive  WaitForSingleObject WaitForMultipleObjects Predefined descriptive data types in upper case  BOOL, DWORD, LPDWORD,... Predefined types avoid the * operator and make distinctions:  LPTSTR (defined as TCHAR * ) and  LPCTSTR (defined as const TCHAR * ) Variable names in API descriptions use “Hungarian” notation - we’ll avoid this convention  lpFileName — long pointer [to a zero terminated string]

16 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved Windows PROGRAMMING CONVENTIONS is always included All objects identified by variables of type HANDLE  CloseHandle function applies to (nearly) all objects Symbolic constants and flags which explain their meaning  INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE and GENERIC_READ ReadFile, WriteFile, and many other Windows functions return Boolean values System error codes obtained through GetLastError () C library always available  But you cannot fully exploit Windows with it

17 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved EXAMPLE: Windows FILE COPY (1 of 3) /* Basic cp file copy program */ /* cp file1 file2: Copy file1 to file2 */ #include /* Always required for Windows */ #include #define BUF_SIZE 256 /* Increase for faster copy */ int main (int argc, LPTSTR argv []) { HANDLE hIn, hOut; /* Input and output handles */ DWORD nIn, nOut; /* Number bytes transferred */ CHAR Buffer [BUF_SIZE]; if (argc != 3) { printf ("Usage: cp file1 file2\n"); return 1; }

18 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved EXAMPLE: Windows FILE COPY (2 of 3) /* Create handles for reading and writing. Many*/ /*default values are used */ hIn = CreateFile (argv [1], GENERIC_READ, 0, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL); if (hIn == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) { printf ("Cannot open input file\n"); return 2; } hOut = CreateFile (argv [2], GENERIC_WRITE, 0, NULL, CREATE_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL); if (hOut == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) { printf ("Cannot open output file\n"); return 3; }

19 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved EXAMPLE: Windows FILE COPY (3 of 3) /*Input and output file handles are open.*/ /*Copy file. Note end-of-file detection */ while (ReadFile (hIn, Buffer, BUF_SIZE, &nIn, NULL) && nIn > 0) WriteFile (hOut, Buffer, nIn, &nOut, NULL); /*Deallocate resources, such as open handles */ CloseHandle (hIn); CloseHandle (hOut); return 0; }

20 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved Getting Ready for Win64 Objectives:  Win32 binaries run in 64-bit environment  Source code can be recompiled for 64-bit environment Cautions:  Do not assume integers and pointers are same length  Win64 introduces 64-bit pointers New data types include  DWORD32, DWORD64  POINTER_32, POINTER_64  LONG32, LONG64

21 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved LAB 1–A (1 of 2) Use the VC++ environment  Build, run, and test the Windows file copy program, cpW  Extend the program so that it prints the value of the error message in case of any failure  Obtained from GetLastError()  Don’t forget to test this error reporting capability The source code is in Chapter1\cpw.c

22 JMH Associates © 2004, All rights reserved LAB 1–A (2 of 2) The instructor will show you how to:  Create a console application under Microsoft Visual C++  Execute the application  Use Visual C++ to edit and rebuild the program  Use the Visual C++ debugger  Use the online help Note: wined3.htm contains many explanatory comments, examples, diagrams, and book errata