CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 1

Chemistry arabic: al-kimya greek: khymeia latin: chimica ‘FUSION’ ~ 3,500 BC

Solar System Chemistry

Chemistry in Space Star FormationStar Destruction Amino AcidsSugars ASTROBIOLOGY

PROPERTIES OF MATTER physical chemical density color odor (determine w/o destruction of matter) reactivity (determine w/ destruction of matter) CHEMICAL REACTION STATE EXPERIMENT I EXPERIMENT II

decomposition (water) combination from two or more elements (exception: ozone O 3 ) EXPERIMENT III EXPERIMENT IV

ELEMENTS 1. cannot be decomposed by chemical means 2. different elements have different properties 3. each element is assigned a unique chemical symbol (one or two letters) (common language) a)first letter is always capitalized b)all remaining letter(s) are lower case EXPERIMENT V BOOK (112/114/116)

Measurements measurements are numerical (quantitative) observations how much? weight; volume; speed; energy; density; distance qualitative observations color, small what?

number error*unit Measurements *uncertainty

measurement unit symbol length meter m mass gram g time second s electrical current ampere A temperature Kelvin K amount of substance mole mol luminous intensity candela cd SI base unit all units are derived from 7 SI base units

derived units area length  width volume length  width  height velocity distance / time velocity / time acceleration Pressure [Pa; mbar, torr] 760 torr ~ 1013 mbar ~ 10 5 Pa Force [N] acceleration  mass force / area

number unit Measurements 50m s ,000,000 m s -1

Decimal Multipliers prefix symbol factor power of 10 mega M kilo k deci d centi c milli m g 0.01 g g

Conversion MeasurementEnglish to MetricMetric to English Length1 ‘’ = 2.54 cm 1 m = in. 1 yd = m1 km = mile 1 mile = km Mass1 lb = g1 kg = lb 1 oz = g Volume1 gal = L1 L = qt 1 pt = mL 1 oz (fluid) = 29.6 mL 1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm 3

NASA-Mars Polar Lander

Temperature 0 K -273 O C EXPERIMENT VI T[K] = T[ o C] + 273

number error unit Measurements measuring device inaccurate reading multiple measurements average (statistics) EXPERIMENT VII

Significant Digits T = 24.3 ºC (3 significant digits) T = ºC (4 significant digits) K 3.4  K 3.40  10 -2

Summary 1.Compounds & elements 2.SI units and conversion of units 3. errors 4. number of significant digits