1 Classification of Mental Disorders Carolyn R. Fallahi, Ph. D.

2 Why classify mental disorders?  To describe & communicate symptoms.  You can known information about the disorder.  Predict treatments.  Formulate theories == research.  Impact social policy.

3 History of Classification  Kraepelin. Dementia Praecox == schizophrenia Manic-depression insanity.  ICD-9; DSM-I; DSM-II Medicine == International classification of diseases and related health problems Jacques Bertillon = causes of death ICD WWII

4 DSM  Issues = American Psychiatry  The Diagnostic Project  Stengl

5 Criticisms of psychiatric classification  1950s and 1960s – reliabiliy issues  Masserman & Carmichael (1938)  Ash (1949)  Beck (1962)

6 The Antipsychiatry Movement  Szasz (1961)  Rosenhan (1973)  Neo-Kraepelinians (1970s)

7 DSM-III (1980)  Categorized patient on 5 dimensions I symptom picture II personality style III medical disorder IV environmental stressors V role impairment

8  Etiology  Pathogenesis  Vulnerability  Risk Factor Vocabulary

9 Variables that impact psychopathology  Case histories  Clinical observation  Experimental research  Problem?  Ecology of development.  Structures within a society.

10 Biophysical Influence on Development  What influences personality? Defects Lesions Neurotransmitter profile Genetics Stress? Evolutionary theory

11 Genetics  Nature versus nurture controversy  Genetic factors  Phenocopies – a condition or characteristic usually genetic in origin that is simulated by environmental factors.  Example: Schizoid personality.  More on genetics.

12 Genetics & Behaviorists  Example: Schizotypal personality.  Temperment seen in children.  Behaviorists view  Classical conditioning & operant conditioning  Modeling  Generalization and discrimination  Extinction of adaptive behaviors  Insufficient learning

13 Interpersonal development  Attachment  Development of interpersonal autonomy  Self-image  The role of parents  Parenting styles  Sociocultural influences in development  Achievement and competition

14 Research Strategies for studying psychopathology  Why can’t we just use our clinical experience?  Research designs  Example: Schofield & Balian (1959)  Case study methodology.  Issues with cause & effect in psychopathology research. Meehl (1977) Gottesman (1991)

15 Research Strategies  Experimental vs. Quasi-experimental designs  Cause-and-effect  Experiments of nature  Wood, Bootzin, Rosenhan, Nolan-Hoeksema, & Jourden (1992)  Analogue experiments  Animal models of psychopathology  Ethical issues  Single-subject experimental designs  A-B-A-B or reversal design  Epidemiological studies  Demonstrating a genetic influence  Sampling  Behavior-Genetic Paradigms  Family Studies  Twin Study Paradigm  Adoption Study Paradigm