What are the factors that effect curriculum? Who decides what is in the curriculum?

Curriculum Changes Reflect: Changes in Mathematics. Changes in Teaching and Learning Changes in Society.

History of Mathematics Education What is School? What is Learning? What is Curriculum?

Important Events Education became compulsory. Steam Engines, Airplanes and the Telephone were invented. The field of Psychology was established. Darwin’ s Theory of Evolution.

Heroes of the day. Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller J. P. Morgan Henry Ford Inflation was rampant.

Factory Model Our schools are, in a sense, factories in which the raw material(children) are to be shaped and fashioned into products to meet various demands of twentieth-century civilization and it is the business of the school to build its pupils to the specifications that are laid out. -Ellwood P. Cubbery

Factory Model Raw Material –Children Machinery –Teachers Specifications –Curriculum

Efficiency Experts Frederick Taylor Frank Spaulding Franklin Bobbit - Platoon Schools

Spaudling’s Principles Define quantitative and quantitative standards must be determined for the product. The material that is acted upon (students) by the labor process passes through a number of progressive stages on its way from raw material to the ultimate product. Definite qualitative and quantitative standards must be determined at each of the stages.

Consequences Students is solely viewed as a piece of raw material and thus must be controlled at all times. A preoccupation with testing which overstates what in fact the test may indicate. A limited view of what mathematics is.

Concepts of Learning

BEHAVIORAL MATHEMATICS INSTRUCTION Algorithms. Repetitive but separate similar stimuli. Efficient for skill development - although research suggest that it is short lived. Teacher is worker. Students passive.

Cognitive Focus on Problem Solving. Multiple Representations and Solutions. Dependent upon children’s stages of development. Student active learners.

Time Behavioral Cognitive Behavioral Cognitive - “New Math.” Behavioral “Back to Basics.” X ???????? Reform Movement.

Standards Movement 1980 Agenda for Action -PRIME Project NCTM Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM, 1989) Principal and Standards for School Mathematics(NCTM, 2000)

Comparison Of Standards NCTM Number and Operations Algebra Geometry Measurement Data Analysis and Probability *Problem Solving *Reasoning and Proof *Communication *Connections *Representation * same for all grade levels NYSED Mathematical Reasoning Number and Numeration Operations Modeling/Multiple Representations Measurement Uncertainty Patterns and Functions

New NYSED NCTM Number and Operations Algebra Geometry Measurement Data Analysis and Probability Process –*Problem Solving –*Reasoning and Proof –*Communication –*Connections –*Representation –* same for all grade levels NYSED Number Sense and Operations Strand Algebra Strand Geometry Strand Measurement Strand Statistics and Probability Strand The Five Process Strands –Problem Solving Strand –Reasoning and Proof Strand –Communication Strand. –Connections Strand. –Representation Strand