How many computers can fit into a drop of water? Udi Shapiro Ehud Shapiro

Medicine in 2050: “Doctor in a Cell” Programmable Computer Molecular Input Molecular Output

 micron in Pentium II Scaling electro and bio devices

E. Coli 1 micron  micron in Pentium II Scaling electro and bio devices

E. Coli

E. Coli internals (1Mbyte)

Ribosomes in operation Ribosomes translate RNA to Proteins RNA Polymerase transcribes DNA to RNA

A mechanical computer

A

BFront Back 1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 5a 5b 5a 5b 4a 4b 3a 3b

Medicine in 2050: “Doctor in a Cell” Programmable Computer

S0 S1 a a b b A1: even number of b’s Automaton A1 accepting inputs with an even number of b ’s

Turing Machine and Finite Automaton

Example Computation

S0-abaaba (S0 S0) S0-baaba (S0 S1) S1-aaba (S1 S1) S1-aba (S1 S1) S1-ba (S1 S0) S0-a (S0 S0) S0 (final state) The input is accepted An example computation over abaaba

T1: S0 S0 T2: S0 S1 T3: S0 S0 T4: S0 S1 T5: S1 S0 T6: S1 S1 T7: S1 S0 T8: S1 S1 A list of all 8 possible transition rules

Automata programs used to test the molecular implementation

Molecular realization of Finite Automata Input: DNA S, a rest a’ Software: DNA S, a FokI Hardware: Class-II restriction enzyme FokI, DNA Ligase, ATP as fuel