Feasibility of Manufacturing Paper-Plastic Laminates Using Waste Paper Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Chin-Yin Hwang 2007 IUFRO ALL DIVISION 5 CONFERENCE Taipei, Taiwan

Some Statistics Waste Paper Recovery Rate in Taiwan (Taiwan Paper Industry Association, 2007) 69.7

Paper Recycling Procedures  Collection  Classification  Disintegration  Washing  Deinking  Cleansing  Bleaching  Forming  Drying 2

Some Questions

 Is there other options for Paper Recycling? 3

Some Questions.....  Is there other options for Paper Recycling?  Can other materials be reclaimed from the waste stream and combined with waste papers? 3

Some Questions.....  Is there other options for Paper Recycling?  Can other materials be reclaimed from the waste stream and combined with waste papers?  Is woodfiber plastic composites a possibility? 3

Some Problems with Woodfiber Plastic Composites Reduction in Composite Strength Inherent H Bond Agglomeration of wood fibers Heterogeneous fiber dispersion Inferior interfacial adhesion Vigorous mixing Reduced fiber aspect ratio Reduced fiber strength 4

Why Paper-Plastic Laminates? Avoid elaborated paper recycling procedures…. Reduce agglomeration b/w fiber and plastic Preserve aspect ratio of fiber Preserve H-bond of paper 5

How PPL is Made? ＋ Interleaving Hot Press ＋ Impregnation or Coating Sheet Formation ＋ 6

How PPL is Made? ＋ Interleaving Hot Press ＋ Impregnation or Coating Sheet Formation ＋ 6

Material Paper: office paper Plastic: PE films, 0.03mm, 0.06mm, 0.09mm NP, Not-Printed P, Printed V, Virgin R, Recycled 7

Factors of Interest..... Paper type (P, NP) Plastic type (V, R) Plastic film thickness (0.03, 0.06, 0.09 mm) 8

Methods: preparation ＋ OVENOVEN NP-R-3 NP-R-6 NP-R-9 NP-V-3 NP-V-6 NP-V-9 P-R-3 P-R-6 P-R-9 P-V-3 P-V-6 P-V-9 HPHP ILIL 9

Typical Hot Press Scheme 10 cool off

Methods: Flexural Properties (MORb, MOEb) Tensile Properties (MORt, MOEt) Notched Izod Impact Bending Hardness (Shore D) Heat Deflection Temperature Mechanical Properties 11

Sample Preparation Scheme Flexural Izod Hardness Tensile HDT 12

Resulting PPLs 13 Treatment combination: 12 Replicate: 5 Sp/Gr: 0.93 to 1.05 gm cm -3 Compaction ratio: 1.17 to 1.23 Fiber loading: 48, 60, and 72%

Flexural Properties - MORb 44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa 14

Flexural Properties - MORb 44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa 14 Different trends with different plastic groups NP-R, P-R decreased with increasing plastic film thickness NP-V, P-V showed highest MORb at 0.06mm

Flexural Properties - MORb 44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa PPL 39.1~56.2 MPa (Michell et al. (1978) )

Flexural Properties - MORb 44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa 5.9~39.6 MPa (Woodfiber-PE composites)

Flexural Properties - MORb 44.8 ~ 69.8 MPa ~ 69.8 MPa, overall avg 56.1 MPa 5.9~39.6 MPa (Woodfiber-PE composites) 1.41 times

Flexural Properties - MOEb 4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa 15

Flexural Properties - MOEb 4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa 15 Similar trends with the corresponding MORb results, except that P-V remained unaffected at all PLFT levels. i.e., NP-R, P-R decreased with increasing plastic film thickness NP-V showed highest MOEb at 0.06mm

Flexural Properties - MOEb 4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa 15 PPL 5.8~7.6 GPa (Michell et al. (1978) )

Flexural Properties - MOEb 4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa ~3.6 GPa (Woodfiber-PE composites)

Flexural Properties - MOEb 4.2 ~ 7.3 GPa, overall avg 5.39 GPa ~3.6 GPa (Woodfiber-PE composites) 1.49 times

Tensile Properties - MORt and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa

Tensile Properties - MORt and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa Different trends with different paper types NP-V, NP-R decreased with increasing plastic film thickness P-V, P-R showed highest MORt at 0.06 mm

Tensile Properties - MORt and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa 10.0~27.0 MPa (Woodfiber-PE composites)

Tensile Properties - MORt and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa 10.0~27.0 MPa (Woodfiber-PE composites)

Tensile Properties - MORt and 56.9 MPa, overall avg 39.9 MPa 10.0~27.0 MPa (Woodfiber-PE composites) 1.48 times

Tensile Properties - MOEt ~86.2 GPa, overall avg 62.4GPa

Tensile Properties - MOEt ~86.2 GPa, overall avg 62.4GPa No specific trend was found

Tensile Properties - MOEt ~86.2 GPa, overall avg 62.4GPa 1.0~2.7 GPa (Woodfiber-PE composites)

Tensile Properties - MOEt ~86.2 GPa, overall avg 62.4GPa 1.0~2.7 GPa (Woodfiber-PE composites) 23 times ???

Notched Izod Impact Properties ~371.0 J/ m

Notched Izod Impact Properties ~371.0 J/ m Different trends with different paper types NP-V, NP-R showed highest Izod at 0.06 mm P-V, P-R showed no specific trend

Notched Izod Impact Properties ~371.0 J/ m 14~27 J/m (Woodfiber-PE composites)

Notched Izod Impact Properties ~371.0 J/ m 14~27 J/m (Woodfiber-PE composites) >5 times

Hardness ~ Shore D Commercial LDPE

Hardness ~ Shore D Commercial LDPE Different trends with different paper types NP-V, NP-R showed lowest hardness at 0.09 mm P-V, P-R seemed to converge at 0.06 mm

Heat Deflection Temperature 20 HTD of LDPE: 47.0~50.0 ℃ ~130.0

Limitations 21 Size and shape (length, width, thickness) Processability (higher stiffness, HDT) Anisotropy Durability unknown Applications

Conclusion 22 MORb, MOEb, MORt,and Izod of PPLs were better than reported WPCs. The PPLs prepared in this study exhibited 1.5-times the flexural strength and stiffness and 5-times the notched Izod impact strength over extruded woodflour-plastic composites. Except for tensile stiffness, all the other mechanical properties of the PPLs were affected by interactions among the 3 factors.

Conclusion 22 PPLs with the same plastic type tended to show similar trends in flexural properties, whereas PPLs with the same paper type tended to exhibit similar trends in tensile strength at break, Izod impact strength, and hardness.

Conclusion 22 These results indicate that PPLs may be a viable alternative method of paper recycling. However, further studies to address the long-term performance of PPLs under extreme conditions are recommended. Feasibility of developing PPL as a paper recycling alternative seems to be encouraging.

tHE eND Questions?