Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Physics Results from RHIC Gunther Roland XLIII Cracow School of Theoretical Physics Zakopane 5/30-6/7 2003.

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Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Physics Results from RHIC Gunther Roland XLIII Cracow School of Theoretical Physics Zakopane 5/30-6/7 2003

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Exploring QCD with Heavy Ions Matter Density  B (GeV) Temperature (MeV) Quark-Gluon Plasma Hadron Gas Phase Boundary Early Universe Atomic Nuclei 1 Critical Point I II III IV oStructure of Relativistic Nuclei oMechanism of Entropy Production oQCD phase diagram oProperties of QGP IIIIIIIV

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Two Lectures I. Bulk Production II. Hard Scattering Charged Hadron p T -Spectrum in Au+Au at RHIC (PHOBOS)

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Bulk Production Hard Scattering

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Initial State ‘Final State’ Interactions

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Control Parameters: sqrt(s) Different sqrt(s) dependence of ‘soft’ vs ‘hard’ processes Drees, QM’01

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Control Parameters: Centrality b 2R ~ 15fm Spectators Participant Region Smaller Impact Parameter b Bigger Collision System More Participants (N part ) = Wounded Nucleons

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Control Parameters: Centrality  inel =42 mb (RHIC) Glauber Monte Carlo  inel =33 mb (SPS)  inel =21 mb (AGS) Centrality controls –Volume (N part ) –No. of binary collisions (N coll ) –Shape of interaction region N part vs N coll –soft vs hard processes –coherent vs incoherent production

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider First Physics in ‘00 Versatile machine –Au+Au (‘00-’02) 19.6 GeV 56 GeV 130 GeV 200 GeV –p+p (‘02,’03) 200 GeV polarized –d+Au (‘03) 200 GeV 4 Experiments –2 big –2 small Complementary capabilities

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 STAR Large acceptance tracking detector Mass, charge and momentum for >1000 hadrons per event

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 PHENIX High Rate, Particle ID, Triggering Rare particles: Leptons, High p T

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 PHOBOS Full Acceptance Multiplicity Detector High precision spectrometer near y=0 (low p T )

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 BRAHMS Particle Production at small angles High resolution spectrometer & good particle ID

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Part I: Bulk Particle Production

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Rapidity Density Central Au+Au (200 GeV) Predicted Multiplicity for RHIC Extrapolate –A+A at 20 GeV –p+p at 200 GeV Compilation by K. Eskola

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/  Multiplicity at RHIC dN/d  Pseudo-rapidity 19.6 GeV130 GeV 200 GeV PHOBOS BRAHMS 130 GeV BRAHMS 200 GeV dN/d  PHOBOS nucl-ex/ BRAHMS PLB 523 (2001) 227, PRL 88 (2002)

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Result vs Predictions Multiplicity at low end of range Most models didn’t do so well Rapidity Density Central Au+Au (200 GeV) Color Glass Parton Saturation Kharzeev, Levin

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Limiting Fragmentation BRAHMS PHOBOS Study shape in rest-frame of one nucleus Distributions fall on limiting curve at large  Limiting curve is unique for each centrality bin PHOBOS nucl-ex/ BRAHMS PRL 88 (2002)

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Au+Au (preliminary)  N ch  scaling vs N part N ch proportional to N part

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Au+Au (preliminary)  N ch  scaling vs N part N ch proportional to N part Constant of proportionality = N ch in e + e - at same sqrt(s)

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 (Mueller 1983) Total Multiplicity vs. Beam Energy PHOBOS QM’02, Steinberg pp/pp A+A e+e-e+e- Central A+A /e + e - Fit

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Rapidity Distributions at 200 GeV yTyT  Surprising agreement in shape between AA/e + e - /pp e + e - measures dN/dy T (rapidity relative to “thrust” axis) AA/pp ~ GeV Central Au+Au q q PHOBOS QM’02, Steinberg

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Particle density near midrapidity RHIC combined e + e - scales like AA near midrapidity (dN/dy T ) RHIC combined PHOBOS QM’02

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Centrality Dependence at |  < 1 _ pp Au+Au 19.6 GeV preliminary 130 GeV 200 GeV Saturation model works from 20 to 200 GeV

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 What is the Energy Density?  = 650 * 1GeV/(  R 2 *1 fm/c) = 4 GeV/fm 3 Much bigger than  crit … …if we have fast thermalization! Rapidity Density Central Au+Au (200 GeV)

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Azimuthal Anisotropy “Head on” view of colliding nuclei Peripheral Central Initial State Anisotropy Coordinate Space Final State Anisotropy Momentum Space Interaction! 2*v 2 Azimuthal Angle (rad)

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Anisotropy v 2 vs Centrality STAR |  | < < p t < 2.0 PHOBOS PHENIX Up to mid-central collisions, v 2 reaches hydro limit

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Hydrodynamics and v 2 Teaney, Lauret, Shuryak, nucl-th/ Kolb, Heinz, nucl-ex/ Data consistent with hydro calculations Sensitivity to EoS

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Hydro Equation of State Kolb, Heinz, nucl-ex/

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Parameters:  0 = 0.6 fm/c s 0 = 110 fm -3 s 0 /n 0 = 250 T crit =T chem =165 MeV T dec =100 MeV Hydrodynamics and Spectra Kolb, Rapp, Phys. Rev. C 67 (03)

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Blast wave fit p K   Blast wave: –“Hydro-inspired” Fit –Parametrize Final State Local thermal equilibrium (T) Linear radial flow profile  x,y (r) =  0,x,y * r Geometrical size r x and r y Freeze-out time  o and duration  o Even better than the real thing…

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Blast wave Fits to Spectra Simultaneous Fit to ,k,p gives Kinetic Freeze-Out Temperature, Transverse Expansion velocity

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Blast wave Fit to Correlation Data Fabrice Retiere SQM ‘03, Mike Lisa Consistent Data from STAR, PHENIX, PHOBOS Also HBT vs reaction plane Unlike particles Balance Functions Short-lived Resonances Consistent Results Lifetime ~ 10 fm/c Particle emission over few fm/c

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Hydro and Correlation Data Kolb, Heinz nuclt-th/ Hydro calculation underestimates size, overestimates time

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Statistical Model Fit Relative Abundances: Two Parameters (or three or four) ! Caveat: Resonances, Phase-space over/under population

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 T chem vs T kin Florkowski, Broniowski, nucl-th/ Addition of resonances may allow freezeout with T chem = T kin c.f. Torrieri, Rafelski, nucl-th/030507

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Physics Results from RHIC: Lecture II Gunther Roland XLIII Cracow School of Theoretical Physics Zakopane 5/30-6/7 2003

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Memento: Bulk Particle RHIC – Saturation consistent w/ multiplicity systematics – Final state anisotropy indicates “Thermalization” Energy Density: > 5 GeV/fm 3 – Momentum distributions and correlations are hydro- like, with a large radial flow field – Hydrodynamic calculations show sensitivity of results to EoS; many qualitative features – Timescales are very short: Thermalization, Expansion, Freeze-out

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 2nd Lecture I. Bulk Production II. Hard Scattering Charged Hadron p T -Spectrum in Au+Au at RHIC

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Dense Matter Diagnostics Leading Particle Hadrons q q Leading Particle Jet cross-section calculable in QCD

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Dense Matter Diagnostics Leading Particle Hadrons q q Leading Particle Hadrons q q Leading Particle Jet cross-section calculable in QCD Study fate of jets in dense matter in Au+Au Leading Particle

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 STAR Au+AuOpal e + e -

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Dense Matter Diagnostics Leading Particle Hadrons q q Leading Particle Hadrons q q Leading Particle Jet cross-section calculable in QCD Study fate of jets in dense matter in Au+Au Poor man’s jet: Leading Particles Leading Particle

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Charged Hadron Spectra Preliminary  s NN = 200 GeV Results from all RHIC experiments!

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Control Parameters: Centrality  inel =42 mb (RHIC) Glauber Monte Carlo  inel =33 mb (SPS)  inel =21 mb (AGS) Total yield scales with N part –Volume-scaling Coherence Expect N coll scaling for hard (point-like) processes –Incoherent production

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 “Jet Quenching” at High p T Yield at high p T in AA is 6 times smaller than expected expected observed proton+proton Au+Au

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Jets in Dense Matter Are we really looking at jets? Look for jet structure by measuring –small angle correlations –back-to-back correlations relative to high p T leading particle Hadrons q q Leading Particle

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Peripheral Au+Au data Jets seen in peripheral Au+Au and p+p Azimuthal correlations –Small angle (  ~ 0) –Back-to-Back (  ~ p) D. Hardtke QM ‘02

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Central Au+Au data Disappearance of back-to-back correlations in central Au+Au Away-side particles absorbed or scattered in medium D. Hardtke QM ‘02

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Jet suppression via Energy Loss Vitev, Gyulassy, PRL 89 (2002) Suppression due to the energy loss of fast partons in plasma via induced gluon radiation

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Centrality Dependence of Suppression STAR Preliminary Central Peripheral

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Another Look at Centrality Dependence approximate N part -scaling at “intermediate” p T !? PHOBOS, nucl-ex/

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 N part Scaling in Saturation Model High p T suppression as an initial state effect: Parton saturation breaks incoherence Kharzeev, Levin, McLerran, hep-ph/021332

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Experimental Test: d+Au Vitev, nucl-th/ , Phys.Lett.B in press Vitev and M.Gyulassy, Phys.Rev.Lett. 89 (2002) Central Peripheral Fixed target p+A data Prediction for RHIC

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Experimental Test: d+Au Central Kharzeev, Levin, McLerran, hep-ph/021332

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Preliminary Results for d+Au PHENIX Preliminary 1  errors STAR Preliminary Min-bias d+Au data from PHENIX/STAR, relative to p+p –Similar to low-energy data (Cronin effect) –No suppression

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Centrality dependence of R dAu PHOBOS preliminary PHOBOS preliminary PHOBOS preliminary PHOBOS preliminary R dAu Yield/ /p+p fit

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Back-to-back ‘Jets’ in d+Au d+Au Au+Au

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Preliminary Lesson from d+Au Back-to-Back Jets are observed Data compatible with extrapolation of Cronin-effect to RHIC No suppression effects seen If data holds: “Jet quenching” indicative of light parton energy loss (2-3 GeV) in a dense medium Some high-p T “puzzles” remain ->

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 “Instant” Thermalization E. Shuryak, nucl-th/ STAR Central Peripheral Limit ( mfp = 0) v2v2 S. Voloshin, QM’02

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 “Proton puzzle” dN/dp T (p) ~ dN/dp T (  )

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 “Suppression” for light/heavy hadrons High-p T hadrons from fragmentation of fast partons: –Suppression/energy loss should effect all hadrons –But: No suppression for baryons at 2 < p T < 4 GeV/c

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Baryon v 2 At high-p T –Baryon anisotropy exceeds that for mesons –Also seen for p vs 

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 New (old) Idea: Recombination Fries, Mueller, Nonaka, Bass, nucl-th/ Greco, Ko, Levai, nucl-th/ Molnar, Voloshin, nucl-th/ ] Lopez, Parikh, Siemens, PRL 53 (1984) 1216 Dense partonic medium –Hadron production by quark recombination (coalescence) –Fries et al: Favorable relative to fragmentation for thermal parton momentum distribution Fragmentation Recombination

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Recombination/Fragmentation T eff = 350 MeV blue-shifted temperature pQCD spectrum shifted by 2.2 GeV Fries, Mueller, Nonaka,Bass nucl-th/

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Recombination and v 2 Looking “per quark”: –Common behavior for Baryons/Mesons –Do we see partonic flow? –Gluons? Entropy?

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Recombination/Fragmentation and v 2 Bass, CIPANP ‘03

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Recombination/Fragmentation and Spectra Bass, CIPANP ‘03

Gunther Roland/MITZakopane 6/2/2003 Summary Lecture II Extensive data sets for intermediate/high p T Observation of several unique effects –Violation of collision scaling –Large elliptic flow (Baryons vs Mesons) –Proton puzzle New data (d+Au) and new ideas (recombination) –Suggest we’re looking at: Energy loss of fast partons in dense partonic matter Collective flow of partonic matter