1 Figure 7.1 The Nature of Waves

2 A Beautiful Rainbow

3 When a Strontium salt is dissolved in methanol (with a little water) and ignited, it gives a brillant red flame

4 Fireworks in Washington D.C.

5 Electromagnetic radiation exhibits wave properties and particulate properties

6 A change between two discrete energy levels emits a photon of light

7 Niels Bohr

8 Electronic transitions in the Bohr model for the Hydrogen atom

9 (a)The probability distribution for the Hydrogen 1s orbital in 3-D space (b)The probability of finding the electron at varying distances from the nucleus

10 (a) Cross section of the Hydrogen 1s orbital probability distribution (b) The Radial Probability Distribution

11 Two representations of the Hydrogen 1s, 2s, and 3s orbitals: (a) The Electron probability distribution (b) The surface that contains 90% of the total electron probability (the size of the orbital, by definition)

12 Representation of the 2p Orbitals: (a) An electron probability distribution (b) Boundary surfaces of all three 2p orbitals

13 Cross section of the electron probability distribution for a 3p orbital

14 Comparison of the radial probability distributions of the 2s and 2p orbitals

15 Representation of the 3d Orbitals (a) Electron Density Plots of Selected 3d Orbitals (b) The Boundary Surfaces of All of the 3d Orbitals

16 Representation of the 4f orbitals in terms of their boundary surfaces

17 The angular momentum quantum number (l) and the s, p, d, f notation

18 Quantum numbers for orbitals 1-4

19 Orbital energy levels for a Hydrogen atom

20 A picture of the spinning electron

21 Energy levels of orbitals for the first 3 principal quantum levels

22 Electron configurations in the last occupied orbital for elements 1-18

23 Electron configurations for Potassium through Krypton

24 The orbitals being filled for elements in various parts of the periodic table

25 The Periodic Table with partial electron configurations

26 The End

27

28 The values of First Ionization Energy for the elements

29 Trends in Ionization Energies (kj/mol) for the Representative Elements

30 Electron affinity values for selected atoms that form stable ions

31 The Radius of an atom (r) is defined as half the distance between nuclei in a diatomic molecule of identical atoms

32 Atomic radii (in picometers) for selected atoms

33 Properties of five alkali metals

34 First Ionization Energies for alkali metals and noble gases

35 Ionization Energies (kJ/mole) for elements in period 3

36 Electron affinities of the halogens

37 Dmitri I. Mendeleev

38 Mendeleev's early Periodic Table, published in 1872

39 Properties of Germanium predicted by Mendeleev

40 Special names for groups in the Periodic Table

41 Sodium metal

42 Potassium metal in a vial

43 Potassium reacts violently with water

44 Calcium metal

45 Chromium may be used for plating

46 Dr. Glenn Seaborg

47 The End

48

49 Wave-Generating Apparatus

50 Standing waves caused by vibrations of a guitar string

51 (a.) Diffraction Pattern (b.) Constructive interference of waves (c.) Destructive interference of waves

52 The Hydrogen electron visualized as a standing wave around the nucleus

53 (a) The radial probability distribution for an electron in a 3s orbital (b) Radial probability distributions for 3s, 3p, and 3d orbitals

54 Electrified Pickle

55 Pattern of heat loss from a house

56 The black mamba snake's venom kills by blocking potassium channels in nerve cells

57 Albert Einstein

58 Hydration Energies for Li+, Na+, and K+ Ions

59 Predicted properties of Elements 113 and 114