Monroe L. Weber-Shirk S chool of Civil and Environmental Engineering Nutrient Removal Project: Oxygen Requirements ä History of Human Waste ä Nutrient Removal Project ä Dissolved oxygen measurements ä Oxygen Transfer ä History of Human Waste ä Nutrient Removal Project ä Dissolved oxygen measurements ä Oxygen Transfer
Excreta Disposal: Land Application ä When population densities were low excreta disposal was an individual problem. ä As cities grew it was no longer possible for individuals to practice “direct land application.” ä Before 1800 city residents placed “night soil” in buckets along streets and workers emptied the waste into “honeywagon” tanks. ä The waste was transported to rural areas for disposal on farm land. The honeywagon system preserved the essential feature of land application of the waste. ä When population densities were low excreta disposal was an individual problem. ä As cities grew it was no longer possible for individuals to practice “direct land application.” ä Before 1800 city residents placed “night soil” in buckets along streets and workers emptied the waste into “honeywagon” tanks. ä The waste was transported to rural areas for disposal on farm land. The honeywagon system preserved the essential feature of land application of the waste. Nutrient Recycle
Toilets ä Until about 1850 even the members of Congress were required to go outside and walk down Capitol Hill to privy facilities. ä : The flush toilet came into general use in the U.S. during the last half of the nineteenth century. ä Introduction of the toilet coincided with ______ _____. ä Until about 1850 even the members of Congress were required to go outside and walk down Capitol Hill to privy facilities. ä : The flush toilet came into general use in the U.S. during the last half of the nineteenth century. ä Introduction of the toilet coincided with ______ _____. central heat
Night Soil vs. Sewers ä Dutch engineer Charles Liernur advocated dry disposal. He claimed underground sewers would be the source of ________ _____ giving rise to sickness and death. ä English engineer Baldwin Latham supported water carriage of excreta. Latham proceeded with the installation of a water carriage system for Croydon, where he was engineer of public works. ä The water carriage system led to an immediate decrease in the death rate in the cities that installed it. ä Dutch engineer Charles Liernur advocated dry disposal. He claimed underground sewers would be the source of ________ _____ giving rise to sickness and death. ä English engineer Baldwin Latham supported water carriage of excreta. Latham proceeded with the installation of a water carriage system for Croydon, where he was engineer of public works. ä The water carriage system led to an immediate decrease in the death rate in the cities that installed it. noxious gases But what about the cities downstream?
Conversion of Storm Sewers to “Sanitary” Sewers ä Toilets were connected to existing storm sewers ä The storm drain systems discharged directly to streams, lakes, and estuaries without treatment ä Treatment of wastewater only became an issue after the self-purification capacity of the receiving waters was exceeded and ________ __________ became intolerable ä Toilets were connected to existing storm sewers ä The storm drain systems discharged directly to streams, lakes, and estuaries without treatment ä Treatment of wastewater only became an issue after the self-purification capacity of the receiving waters was exceeded and ________ __________ became intolerable nuisance conditions
Wastewater into Streams: Enter Environmental Engineering! ä Drinking water treatment began to receive attention in the 1800s. ä London, and cities on the Great Lakes found themselves draining their raw sewage into the same body of water from which they took their drinking water. ä Chicago solved this problem by reversing the flow of the Chicago river and sending its waste through a canal to the Illinois River to the Mississippi. ä English engineers tackled the problem by developing treatment techniques for both wastewater and drinking water. ä Drinking water treatment began to receive attention in the 1800s. ä London, and cities on the Great Lakes found themselves draining their raw sewage into the same body of water from which they took their drinking water. ä Chicago solved this problem by reversing the flow of the Chicago river and sending its waste through a canal to the Illinois River to the Mississippi. ä English engineers tackled the problem by developing treatment techniques for both wastewater and drinking water.
Evolution of Treatment Goals ä Solids (sedimentation) ä BOD (activated sludge) ä Nitrification (convert ammonia to nitrate) ä Denitrification (convert nitrogen to N 2 ) ä Phosphorus (get bacteria to take up phosphorus so phosphorus can be removed with the sludge) ä Solids (sedimentation) ä BOD (activated sludge) ä Nitrification (convert ammonia to nitrate) ä Denitrification (convert nitrogen to N 2 ) ä Phosphorus (get bacteria to take up phosphorus so phosphorus can be removed with the sludge)
Nutrient Removal Project ä The challenge: build an automated wastewater treatment plant that removes organic carbon and (if we have time) nitrogen from a synthetic feed ä Batch or continuous feed ä Various nitrogen removal strategies ä Maintain high cell concentrations using membrane filters or sedimentation ä We need to monitor oxygen levels ä We need air (oxygen)… ä The challenge: build an automated wastewater treatment plant that removes organic carbon and (if we have time) nitrogen from a synthetic feed ä Batch or continuous feed ä Various nitrogen removal strategies ä Maintain high cell concentrations using membrane filters or sedimentation ä We need to monitor oxygen levels ä We need air (oxygen)…
Oxygen Probe anode cathode Oxygen permeable membrane A 0.8 V Voltage source Current meter KCl electrolyte O’ring 330 nanoamps typical at 37°C and 1 atmosphere in air. Oxygen consumption: less than grams of oxygen per hour (less than 0.1 µL of oxygen per hour) in air.
Dissolved Oxygen Probe: Theory ä Applied 0.8 V reduces O 2 to H 2 O at the cathode and keeps the O 2 concentration very low ä The cell is separated from solution by a gas permeable membrane that allows O 2 to pass through ä The rate at which oxygen diffuses through the gas permeable membrane is proportional to the difference in oxygen concentration across the membrane (proportional to the oxygen concentration in the solution) ä Oxygen reduction produces a current that is measured by the meter ä Applied 0.8 V reduces O 2 to H 2 O at the cathode and keeps the O 2 concentration very low ä The cell is separated from solution by a gas permeable membrane that allows O 2 to pass through ä The rate at which oxygen diffuses through the gas permeable membrane is proportional to the difference in oxygen concentration across the membrane (proportional to the oxygen concentration in the solution) ä Oxygen reduction produces a current that is measured by the meter
Dissolved Oxygen Probe: Calibration ä Single point (linear) calibration at saturation ä Saturation concentration ä Temperature dependence ä Atmospheric pressure dependence ä Membrane temperature effect ä Diffusion through membrane is a function of temperature ä Linear calibration coefficient ä Equation for calculating DO ä Single point (linear) calibration at saturation ä Saturation concentration ä Temperature dependence ä Atmospheric pressure dependence ä Membrane temperature effect ä Diffusion through membrane is a function of temperature ä Linear calibration coefficient ä Equation for calculating DO
What Controls Oxygen Transfer? ä _____________________ ä ______________________________________ ä _____________________ ä ______________________________________ ä _____________________ Deficit transfer coefficient Bubble surface area Bubble residence time Turbulence overall volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient Bubble pressure (depth and surface tension)
Aeration: Initial Oxygen Deficit, No BOD C* C C t t D o = 5 mg/L 5 mg/L C* = oxygen concentration in equilibrium with atmosphere Where is the best data for calculating ?
Measuring the Transfer Coefficient ä Specific for a particular reactor design/configuration and for a specific flow rate ä We want to know how the transfer coefficient varies with flow rate (so we can estimate how much oxygen we are delivering) ä Specific for a particular reactor design/configuration and for a specific flow rate ä We want to know how the transfer coefficient varies with flow rate (so we can estimate how much oxygen we are delivering) integrate
Aeration Methods ä Diffused Aeration Systems: (compressed air pumped into aeration tanks) ä Porous diffusers ä Ceramic ä Plastic membranes ä Non-porous diffusers (hole in a pipe) ä Mechanical Aeration Systems ä Diffused Aeration Systems: (compressed air pumped into aeration tanks) ä Porous diffusers ä Ceramic ä Plastic membranes ä Non-porous diffusers (hole in a pipe) ä Mechanical Aeration Systems
Oxygen Transfer Efficiency (OTE) ä Percentage of the mass of oxygen transferred into the water divided by the mass of oxygen supplied to the water ä You will calculate OTE for your system ä OTE will be less under wastewater conditions ä Lower oxygen solubility (salts, organic matter) ä Lower surface tension ä Percentage of the mass of oxygen transferred into the water divided by the mass of oxygen supplied to the water ä You will calculate OTE for your system ä OTE will be less under wastewater conditions ä Lower oxygen solubility (salts, organic matter) ä Lower surface tension
Oxygen Transfer Efficiency: O 2 dissolved / O 2 delivered ä How do we measure the rate that oxygen is dissolving? Our goal is to measure this in lab But dC/dt varies with oxygen deficit After we have measured the transfer coefficient we can easily calculate the oxygen transfer rate Compare with supplied O 2 flow rate
Standard Oxygen Transfer Efficiency (SOTE) ä Mass of oxygen transferred under standard conditions per unit of power input ä 20°C ä Zero dissolved oxygen in the liquid phase ä Clean water ä Given by manufacturers of aeration equipment ä Generally between 1.2 – 2.7 kg O 2 per kWh ä Field Oxygen Transfer Efficiency (FOTE) is significantly lower ä Mass of oxygen transferred under standard conditions per unit of power input ä 20°C ä Zero dissolved oxygen in the liquid phase ä Clean water ä Given by manufacturers of aeration equipment ä Generally between 1.2 – 2.7 kg O 2 per kWh ä Field Oxygen Transfer Efficiency (FOTE) is significantly lower
Air Supply Design Questions ä How much oxygen will be required by the wastewater? ä How much air will need to be supplied? ä Number of diffusers ä Reactor configuration (shallow vs. deep) ä How will we supply the air? ä Peristaltic pump (can be computer controlled) ä Laboratory compressed air (100 kPa source) ä How much oxygen will be required by the wastewater? ä How much air will need to be supplied? ä Number of diffusers ä Reactor configuration (shallow vs. deep) ä How will we supply the air? ä Peristaltic pump (can be computer controlled) ä Laboratory compressed air (100 kPa source)
Diffuser Air Supply Design ä If we use the laboratory air supply for the NRP (100 kPa) how could we regulate air flow? ä We may need to use the peristaltic pump for another part of the process. ä We have computer controlled solenoid valves. ä Any ideas? ä Easy solutions? ä Great solutions? ä What would you like the capabilities of this device to be? ä How could you give the device the capabilities you want? ä If we use the laboratory air supply for the NRP (100 kPa) how could we regulate air flow? ä We may need to use the peristaltic pump for another part of the process. ä We have computer controlled solenoid valves. ä Any ideas? ä Easy solutions? ä Great solutions? ä What would you like the capabilities of this device to be? ä How could you give the device the capabilities you want? Electromagnet turns on and off
Preparation for Lab ä Read the section on Process Control (Pages in the Lab Manual) ä Come ready to play ä Ask lots of questions! ä Make it your goal to understand as much of the system as you can! ä You will be assembling the airflow control hardware ä Read the section on Process Control (Pages in the Lab Manual) ä Come ready to play ä Ask lots of questions! ä Make it your goal to understand as much of the system as you can! ä You will be assembling the airflow control hardware
Lab Setup S1S1 Air Supply N1N1 N2N2 DO probe Stir bar Temperature probe 200 kPa Pressure sensor Needle Valves Solenoid Valve Accumulator 7 kPa Pressure sensor S2S2