© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide Traveling Waves and Sound

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The water in the open ocean is in constant motion, carrying long- wavelength waves moving at relatively high speeds. Under steady winds, the amplitude of these waves can get quite large. Suppose a boat is at rest in the open ocean. The wind has created a steady wave with wavelength 190 m traveling at 14 m/s. (In fact, the ocean will support a mix of waves, but for steady winds of knots, this is the most prevalent wavelength, and the correct speed for a wave of this wavelength in deep water.) The top of the crests of the waves is 2.0 m above the bottom of the troughs. (This wave height is quite typical for windy days in the Atlantic Ocean. The Southern Ocean, with its planet-circling stretch of open water, supports much larger waves—wave heights of 7 m are quite common.) What is the maximum vertical speed of the boat as it bobs up and down on the passing wave? What is the maximum vertical acceleration? Example Problem Slide 15-30

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy and Intensity Slide 15-35

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Decibel Scale Sound intensity level is measured in decibels. Slide 15-36

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. If you are standing 2.0 m from a lamp that is emitting 100 W of infrared and visible light, what is the intensity of radiation on your skin? How does this compare with the intensity of sunlight, approximately 1000 W/m 2 at the surface of the earth? Suppose it was so quiet outside that you could detect a sound at the threshold of your perception, 0 dB. Now suppose that someone was playing a stereo with the volume cranked up all the way. How far away could you detect the sound from the stereo? Example Problems Slide 15-37

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. You are working in a shop where the noise level is a constant 90dB. A.Your eardrum has a diameter of approximately 8.4 mm. How much power is being received by one of your eardrums? B.This level of noise is damaging over a long time, so you use earplugs that are rated to reduce the sound intensity level by 26 dB, a typical rating. What is the power received by one eardrum now? Example Problem Slide 15-38

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Your ears are, in principle, sensitive to sound down to 0 dB. In practice, though, background noise limits your threshold of hearing to about 20 dB. Suppose that someone is playing a stereo with the volume cranked up all the way, giving a sound intensity level of 110 dB at a distance of 1.0 m. How far away could you be and still hear the music? That is, at what distance from the stereo would the sound intensity level be 20 dB? (This example is a bit artificial because loss mechanisms work at these great distances and any practical situation would involve reflections, but it is instructive.) Example Problem Slide 15-39

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Additional Examples A 5.0 kg block is hung from the ceiling on a 2.0-meter-long metal wire with a mass of 4 g. The wire is “plucked” at the very bottom, where it connects to the block. How long does it take the pulse to reach the ceiling? The intensity of sunlight is approximately 1000 W/m 2 at the surface of the earth. Saturn is about 10 times as far from the sun as the earth. If the earth were moved to the distance of Saturn, what would be the intensity of sunlight at the surface? Suppose you are powering a spacecraft with a 1.0 m 2 array of solar cells with an efficiency of 12%. Above the earth’s atmosphere, where the intensity of sunlight is approximately 1300 W/m 2, what is the maximum power you could get from the solar cells? How much power could you get if your spacecraft was nearing Neptune, 30 times as far from the sun as the earth? Slide 15-32

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide Superposition and Standing Waves

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-3

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-4

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Reading Quiz 1.When two waves overlap, the displacement of the medium is the sum of the displacements of the two individual waves. This is the principle of __________. A.constructive interference B.destructive interference C.standing waves D.superposition Slide 16-5

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer 1.When two waves overlap, the displacement of the medium is the sum of the displacements of the two individual waves. This is the principle of __________. A.constructive interference B.destructive interference C.standing waves D.superposition Slide 16-6

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Reading Quiz 2.A point on a standing wave that is always stationary is a _________. A.maximum B.minimum C.node D.antinode Slide 16-7

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer 2.A point on a standing wave that is always stationary is a _________. A.maximum B.minumum C.node D.antinode Slide 16-8

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Reading Quiz 3.You can decrease the frequency of a standing wave on a string by: A.making the string longer. B.using a thicker string. C.decreasing the tension. D.all of the above. Slide 16-9

© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer 3.You can decrease the frequency of a standing wave on a string by: A.making the string longer. B.using a thicker string. C.decreasing the tension. D.all of the above. Slide 16-10