1 MATERI PENDUKUNG OPERATOR Matakuliah: M0074/PROGRAMMING II Tahun: 2005 Versi: 1/0

2 Operators Operators allow you to access, manipulate, relate, or refer to Java language elements, from variables to classes. Operators have properties of precedence and associativity. When several operators act on the same element (or operand), the operators' precedence determines which operator will act first. When more than one operator has the same precedence, the rules of associativity apply. These rules are generally mathematical; for instance, operators will usually be used from left to right, and operator expressions inside parentheses will be evaluated before operator expressions outside parentheses. Operators generally fall into six categories: assignment, arithmetic, logical, comparison, bitwise, and ternary. Assignment means storing the value to the right of the = inside the variable to the left of it. You can either assign a value to a variable when you declare it or after you have declared it. The machine doesn't care; you decide which way makes sense in your program and your practice: double bankBalance; //Declaration bankBalance = ; //Assignment double bankBalance = ; //Declaration with assignment

3 In both cases, the value of is stored inside the memory reserved by the declaration of the bankBalance variable. Assignment operators allow you to assign values to variables. They also allow you to perform an operation on an expression and then assign the new value to the right-hand operand, using a single combined expression. Arithmetic operators perform mathematical calculations on both integer and floating-point values. The usual mathematical signs apply: + adds, - subtracts, * multiplies, and / divides two numbers. Logical, or Boolean, operators allow the programmer to group boolean expressions in a useful way, telling the program exactly how to determine a specific condition. Comparison operators evaluate single expressions against other parts of the code. More complex comparisons (like string comparisons) are done programmatically. Bitwise operators act on the individual 0s and 1s of binary digits. Java's bitwise operators can preserve the sign of the original number; not all languages do. The ternary operator, ?:, provides a shorthand way of writing a very simple if-then-else statement. The first expression is evaluated; if it's true, the second expression is evaluated; if the second expression is false, the third expression is used.