Bacteria & Protists 005

Kingdom Monera Species number low (~17, 000) Changing as we learn more Two Divisions Eubacteria (Bacteria & Cyanobacteria) Archaebacteria

l Prokaryotic l Single-celled l Diverse energy types: Chemoautotrophic- Purple sulfur bacteria Photoautotrophic- cyanobacteria Heterotrophic- E. coli Kingdom Monera

l Some with cell walls, but cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose (as in higher plants). l Asexual reproduction Kingdom Monera

anthrax pneumonia cyanobacteria Eubacteria

Cyanobacteria “Blue-green algae” Only 200 species? In different conditions they grow differently Lots of colors Photosynthetic 7,500 ? species

Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria were the first organisms on Earth to do modern photosynthesis and they made the first oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere. 3.5 byo O 2 levels increase by 1.5 bya

Stromatolites mainly cyanobacteria 2.8 bya in fossil record Dominant, no herbivores

Mats of cyanobacteria

Red Sea Red-pigmented cyanobacteria floating on the surface Red Sea Saudi Arabia Egypt Iran Turkey

Archaebacteria Archaebacteria are CHEMICALLY DISTINCT from other BACTERIA in several ways: 1.The Cell Walls, Cell Membranes, and Ribosomal RNA are different from those of other BACTERIA. No PEPTIDOGLYCAN. 2.Extremophiles 3.The PREFIX "ARCHEA" means ANCIENT. 4.Archaebacteria live in conditions similar to when life first appeared and began to evolve.

Methanogens Archaebacteria Types Extreme Halophiles Thermoacidophiles Hot springs sewage Great salt lakes

Archaebacteria Purple sulfur bacteria

Chemosynthesis 6CO 2 +6H 2 O+3H 2 S  C 6 H 12 O 6 +3H 2 SO 4

Black Band disease

Oil Spills

Bioluminescence

Eukaryotic Generally single-celled; if multicellular, cells not organized into tissues Heterotrophic & autotrophic forms Kingdom Protista ~ 45,000 species

3 informal groups Plant-like (algal) protists Animal-like protists Fungus-like protists Kingdom Protista

Plant-like Protists Dinoflagellates Diatoms Euglena Cocolithophore Green algae Brown Algae Red algae Diatoms Dinoflagellates Radiolarian Cocolithophore

3 groups of photosynthetic pigments: Actual photosynthetic pigment- 1. chlorophylls Accessory pigments- 2. caretenoids 3. phycoblins both caretenoids and phycoblins can function as: accessory pigments part of light reaction or as donors of light energy to chlorophyll a

1.Chlorophylls a, b, c, d, e. Each molecule functions at specific wavelengths of light. 2. Carotenes: carotene B- found in all three divisions xanthophylls- 20 different types of pigments and two types: fucoxanthin- found only in phaeophyta lutein- common pigment in all large algae 3. Phycoblins: phycocyanin- blue pigment phycorethrin- pink-red pigment found in rhodophyta and cyanobacteria

Plant-like Protists Phylum Pyrrophyta (“dinoflagellates”) 1,100 species Cause “red tide” Some live in corals Marine and Freshwater

Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp

Pyrocystis fusiformis Bioluminescence

HAB (harmful algal blooms) can result in PSP (paraletic shellfish poisoning) Gonyaulax polyhedra, Gymnodium

The numbers are representative values of the concentration in the tissues of dinoflagellate toxin (ppm) Primary producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers 0.04 ppm 0.23 ppm 2.07 ppm 13.8 ppm

Plant-like Protists Phylum Chrysophyta (“diatoms & golden algae”) Link to green algae 13,000 species

epithecate hypothecate Diatom Reproduction- asexual auxospore Discards shell and grows new one

Diatom - Akashiwo sanguinea Domoic acid 2009 Washington State 10,000 seabirds deaths Alfred Hitchkock “The Birds” HAB- diatoms

Division Chlorophyta “Green algae” Most freshwater or terrestrial Some marine 7,000 species

Halimeda opuntia Chlorophyta: Green Algae Caulerpa racemosa Caulerpa sertularioides Dictyosphaeria cavernosa Codium edule

Division Phaeophyta “Brown algae” Marine habitats Example: giant kelp forests 1,500 species

Sargassum polyphyllum Sargassum echinocarpum Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Turbinaria ornata Padina japonica Hydroclathrus clathratus

Example of complex morphology: Macrocystis a.holdfast - attaches to substrate b.stipe c.blade - main organ of photosynthesis d.bladder - keeps blades near the surface Blade Bladder Stipe Holdfast

Division Rhodophyta “Red algae” Most in marine habitats 4,000 species

Hypnea chordacea Asparagopsis taxiformis Galaxaura fastigiata Acanthophora spicifera Ahnfeltia concinna Rhodophyta: Red Algae

Amoeba Cilliates Flagellates Animal-like Protists 13,000 species

Foraminifera Tropics = beaches Most have symbiotic algae

Foramenifera: Globigerina ooze Covers about 36% of the ocean floor

Fungus-like Protists 475 species Downey mildew Slime molds Mildew Water molds Blights

Thickener and help smooth: Many foods and milk-products Toothpaste Beauty creams Paints Medical products- like bacterial culture plates, time- release pills, and dental impression gels Certain alga can be used to make agar or as stabilizer in gelatin and ice cream: Use: sugar, milk, irish moss or euchima, Chondrus, Porphyra and Rhodymenia- blend and boil.

Halimeda opuntia Acanthophora Avrainvillae Eucheuma Gracilaria Hypnea Kappaphycus

Super Sucker

Inquiry 1.Identify 2 organisms that have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with an other organism. 2.What threat do alien algae pose? 3.What is PSP? 4.What is biomagnification? 5.Identify 2 autotrophic bacteria.